Photovoltaics (PV) is a process for converting sunlight directly into electrical energy. PV modules are made of silicon or other semiconductor materials that are coated with a special layer on the surface to increase light absorption and electron mobility. When sunlight hits a PV module, electrons in the semiconductor material are excited and can move freely, resulting in a current flow. This current is then converted into grid-compatible alternating current in an inverter and fed into the power grid or stored in batteries. The efficiency of PV modules depends on various factors, such as the type of semiconductor material, the quality of the coating and the orientation and inclination of the module to the sun. The efficiency of commercially available PV modules currently ranges from around 15% to over 20%. PV systems can be installed in various sizes, from small rooftop systems for residential buildings to large ground-mounted systems for supplying electricity to communities or businesses.
