Yale Required Reading - Collected Works (Vol. 1) brings together a formidable assembly of texts that have shaped the canon of Western literature and thought. This anthology serves as a gateway to ancient Greek civilization, encapsulating a rich tapestry of philosophical dialog, epic narratives, tragic and comedic theaters, and poetic expressions. The volume adeptly traverses genres and styles, from the probing dialogs of Plato to the poignant tragedies of Aeschylus, the epic tales of Homer, and the lyrical beauty of Sappho. In its breadth, this collection offers a comprehensive view into the minds and imaginations that laid the groundwork for contemporary cultural and intellectual discourse. This collection features seminal works by eminent thinkers and storytellers of ancient Greece, whose contributions have profoundly impacted the literary and philosophical landscapes. Compiled by skilled editors who understand the cultural and historical significances, the anthology gives voice to the wisdom of Aristotle, the vivid storytelling of Herodotus, and the dramatic artistry of Sophocles, among others. These authors, writing at the heights of their respective disciplines, capture the ethos of their epochs while addressing themes that remain relevant today, such as democracy, ethics, divine interplay, and human struggle. Ideal for students, scholars, and general readers alike, Yale Required Reading - Collected Works (Vol. 1) invites exploration into a world that balances aesthetic elegance with intellectual rigor. This volume offers a unique educational journey, prompting dialogue and reflection as it juxtaposes perspectives from various masters of the classical world. Through this anthology, readers gain not just insight into ancient narratives and philosophies, but also a deepened appreciation for the enduring impact of these timeless works on global heritage.

Yale Required Reading - Collected Works (Vol. 1)

Phædo or Phaedo (Greek: Φαίδων, Phaidōn), also known to ancient readers as On The Soul, is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the Republic and the Symposium. The philosophical subject of the dialogue is the immortality of the soul. It is set in the last hours prior to the death of Socrates, and is Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, following Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito.  One of the main themes in the Phaedo is the idea that the soul is immortal. In the dialogue, Socrates discusses the nature of the afterlife on his last day before being executed by drinking hemlock. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death by an Athenian jury for not believing in the gods of the state (though some scholars think it was more for his support of "philosopher kings" as opposed to democracy) and for corrupting the youth of the city.  By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates' friends, including the two Thebans, Cebes, and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death. Phaedo tells the story that following the discussion, he and the others were there to witness the death of Socrates.  The Phaedo was first translated into Latin from Greek by Henry Aristippus in 1160. Today, it is generally considered one of Plato's great works.  The dialogues of Plato - Early, Transitional and middle, Later middle, Phaedo, Later middle, Late, Of doubtful authenticity.

Phaedo (Plato)

The dramatic nature of Plato's dialogues is delightfully evident in Symposium. The marriage between character and thought bursts forth as the guests gather at Agathon's house to celebrate the success of his first tragedy. With wit and insight, they all present their ideas about love - from Erixymachus' scientific naturalism to Aristophanes' comic fantasy. The unexpected arrival of Alcibiades breaks the spell cast by Diotima's ethereal climb up the staircase of love to beauty itself. Ecstasy and intoxication clash as Plato concludes with one of his most skillful displays of dialectic.

Plato's Symposium

Why Political Science Classics Collection is so important? In today's world, providing quality training for the younger generation at colleges and universities is of primary importance.  But higher education is not enough.  Any graduate is first and foremost a citizen of his nation.  He has the right to be an actor in the political life of his society.  The political changes taking place today in the modern world are dependent on the civic stance of each person.  In this way, a serious challenge facing the world system of higher education is to educate citizens who are capable of navigating and influencing the modern political processes in his country.  Youth today actively participate in campaigns carried out by political parties and community organizations.  However, it is impossible to develop conditions which foster a civic position without the existence of a political culture.  In today's global community, facing growing pressures of political extremism and radicalism, knowledge of basic political science principles should help students develop a democratic ethos and foster qualities, such as political tolerance, compromise, and cooperation, while learning to express and defend their interests in a civilized manner.  The foundation of political science lies in the accumulated knowledge of mankind.  This collection was compiled as an aid to college and university students. Each included piece is required reading at some of the best universities on the planet including: Harvard, Princeton, Yale, and Columbia Universities, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, among others.  This collection includes works famous authors:   The Art of War by Sun Tzu   Tao Te Ching by Lao Tzu   The Republic by Plato   Meditations by Marcus Aurelius   The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli   Utopia by Thomas More   Common Sense by Thomas Paine   Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill   The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels   The State and Revolution by Vladimir lenin

Political Science. Classics Collection:

The Republic is a classic work by an ancient Greek philosopher Plato. There is one of the most famous dialogues of Plato about the arrangement of the state structure and the essence of the state (contemporary for Plato, of course, but also important nowadays because the whole modern so called "European civilisation" is based, first of all, on ancient schemes). The structure of Plato's dialogue is similar to others. Socrates and Glaucon are coming back to Athens from Piraeus. They are stopped by Polemarchus who invites them to visit him and talk. The subjects of a state and justice appeared during the conversation with Cephalus, the father of Polemarchus.

The Republic

Euthyphro (395 BC) by Plato, is a Socratic dialogue whose events occur in the weeks before the trial of Socrates (399 BC), between Socrates and Euthyphro. The dialogue covers subjects such as the meaning of piety and justice. Plato (428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a philosopher in Classical Greece and the founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. Socrates was a classical Greek (Athenian) philosopher credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy, and as being the first moral philosopher, of the Western ethical tradition of thought. An enigmatic figure, he made no writings, and is known chiefly through the accounts of classical writers writing after his lifetime, particularly his students Plato and Xenophon. Other sources include the contemporaneous Antisthenes, Aristippus, and Aeschines of Sphettos. Aristophanes, a playwright, is the only source to have written during his lifetime. Translator: Benjamin Jowett

Euthyphro

One of the key works of world philosophy, Plato’s The Republic sets out to consider the principles behind an ideal city state. This is the first audio recording of Plato’s great classic in a new translation by the Greek scholar Tom Griffith. No sooner than Bruce Alexander had left the studio having recorded Thomas Hardy, he was back at his Oxfordshire home studying hard for the next Naxos AudioBooks project Plato’s The Republic. ‘There couldn’t have been a greater contrast – the deeply emotional Hardy, and the rationalist character of Socrates,’ admitted Bruce Alexander. And both are about as far away possible from the character for which he is probably best known, Superintendent Mullett in the British TV series A Touch of Frost. ‘That is what being an actor is all about,’ declared Alexander. ‘The worst thing for us is when are typecast, which can happen so easily.’ Fortunately, this happens less the Audiobook/radio medium than on or film where visual concerns can be paramount.’ This recording of The Republic uses the new translation by Tom Griffith, who prepared it for Cambridge University Press. It will be released by CUP in the near future, but is ‘previewed’ by this abridgement made by the translator himself. ‘I started translating because I found that when I was teaching, and read from existing translations, I could see the interest fade from my pupils’ eyes, explained Griffith. ‘But I know this can capture the imagination and thoughts of young people, and so I started translating passages in language which was as contemporary as the original would have been in the fifth century B. C.’ The Republic is one of a number of translations he has now included – among others is Symposium.

World Classics

Lernen Sie mit Hilfe der wichtigsten klassischen griechischen Philosophen, deren Einfluss das westliche Denken prägte und bis heute spürbar ist, Ihre eigene Weisheit aufzubauen. Tauchen Sie tief in ihre Werke und Gedanken ein mit einer Auswahl der wesentlichen Zitate, die ihre wichtigsten Ideen vorstellen und die Struktur ihres Werkes klar umreißen, was eine perfekte Einführung für Anfänger in die Philosophie darstellt, mit den Werken von Aristoteles, Platon, Sokrates, Heraklit und Epiktet.

Weisheit lernen mit griechischen klassischen Philosophen 500 Zitate

Gibt es einen besseren Weg, Ihr Allgemeinwissen und Ihre Kultur zu entwickeln, als durch die eigenen Worte der größten Denker, die die Erde durchwandert haben, mit einer Auswahl wesentlicher Zitate, die ihre Arbeit umreißen und ihre kraftvollsten Ideen mit Klarheit vorstellen. Entdecken oder vertiefen Sie das Verständnis unserer Kultur mit den Werken von Shakespeare, Einstein, Konfuzius, Sun Tzu, Winston Churchill, Napoléon, Laozi (auch bekannt als Lao-Tsu), Platon, Nietzsche und dem Bouddha.

Entwickeln Sie Ihr Allgemeinwissen in 1000 Zitaten

Plato: Complete Works is a definitive collection of the philosophical texts of one of Western thought's most significant figures. Encompassing dialogues, letters, and philosophical treatises, this anthology reveals Plato's explorations of justice, morality, and the nature of reality. His literary style, characterized by Socratic dialogue and allegory, invites readers to engage actively with profound questions about the human condition. Within this collection, the interplay of rhetoric and dialectic shines, offering insightful commentary on the political and ethical landscape of ancient Athens while intertwining it with timeless philosophical inquiries. Plato, a student of Socrates and mentor to Aristotle, lived during the tumultuous Golden Age of Athens. His exposure to the political strife and intellectual vigor of his time profoundly influenced his writings. Deeply invested in the pursuit of truth and the ideal society, he sought to meld philosophy with practical governance, as evidenced in texts such as The Republic. His concern for the moral fabric of society reflects a lifelong commitment to understanding and improving the human experience. This anthology is an essential read for anyone striving to grasp the roots of Western philosophy. Scholars and novices alike will benefit from Plato's comprehensive insights into ethics, politics, and metaphysics, making it an indispensable resource for reflective thinkers and those seeking a deeper understanding of philosophical inquiry.

Plato: Complete Works

Plato's Republic is a seminal work in the field of political philosophy, where Socrates engages in a series of dialogues on justice, the nature of the ideal state, and the role of the philosopher-ruler. Written in the form of a Socratic dialogue, the text explores the concepts of justice, morality, and the nature of the human soul. Its literary style is characterized by its use of dialectic and logical argumentation to dissect complex ideas. This work is considered one of the cornerstones of Western philosophy and has had a lasting influence on political thought and ethics. Plato's Republic is a must-read for those interested in understanding the foundations of philosophy and political theory. Through its thought-provoking discussions and intellectual depth, this book challenges readers to question their own beliefs and engage in critical thinking.

Plato's Republic

Die Apologie des Sokrates ist ein Werk des antiken Philosophen Platon. Es handelt sich um eine literarische Gestaltung der Verteidigungsrede (Apologie), die Platons Lehrer Sokrates vor dem athenischen Volksgericht hielt, als er im Jahr 399 v. Chr. wegen Asebie (Gottlosigkeit) und Verführung der Jugend angeklagt war. Angefügt sind seine Stellungnahmen zum Strafmaß und zum Ausgang des Verfahrens. Die Apologie besteht somit aus drei aneinandergereihten Reden, die der Angeklagte nach dieser Darstellung am selben Tag in verschiedenen Phasen des Gerichtsverfahrens hielt. Seine Argumentation verhinderte den Schuldspruch nicht. Sokrates wurde zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet. Platon (428/427 v. Chr. † 348/347 v. Chr. in Athen) war ein antiker griechischer Philosoph.Er war Schüler des Sokrates, dessen Denken und Methode er in vielen seiner Werke schilderte. Die Vielseitigkeit seiner Begabungen und die Originalität seiner wegweisenden Leistungen als Denker und Schriftsteller machten Platon zu einer der bekanntesten und einflussreichsten Persönlichkeiten der Geistesgeschichte. In der Metaphysik und Erkenntnistheorie, in der Ethik, Anthropologie, Staatstheorie, Kosmologie, Kunsttheorie und Sprachphilosophie setzte er Maßstäbe auch für diejenigen, die ihm – wie sein Schüler Aristoteles – in zentralen Fragen widersprachen.

Des Sokrates Verteidigung

Lernen Sie die wichtigsten Philosophen der Antike kennen, griechische und römische Denker, die die westliche Philosophie geprägt haben. Vertiefen Sie sich tief in ihre Werke und Gedanken mit einer Auswahl der wesentlichen Zitate, die ihre wichtigsten Ideen vorstellen und die Struktur ihres Werkes klar umreißen, was eine perfekte Einführung für Anfänger in die Philosophie darstellt, mit den Werken von Aristoteles, Cicero, Epiktet, Heraklit, Marcus Aurelius, Platon und Seneca.

700 Zitate aus der alten Philosophie

The Apology (of Socrates) is Plato's version of the speech given by Socrates as he defends himself against the charges of being a man "who corrupted the young, did not believe in the gods, and created new deities". "Apology" here has its earlier meaning (now usually expressed by the word "apologia") of speaking in defense of a cause or of one's beliefs or actions

The Apology of Socrates

Socratic dialogue that presents the speech of legal self-defence, which Socrates presented at his trial for impiety and corruption, in 399 BC. Specifically the Apology of Socrates is a defence against the charges of "corrupting the young" and "not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other daimonia that are novel" to Athens (24b).[2] Among the primary sources about the trial and death of the philosopher Socrates (469–399 BC), the Apology of Socrates is the dialogue that depicts the trial, and is one of four Socratic dialogues, along with Euthyphro, Phaedo, and Crito, through which Plato details the final days of the philosopher Socrates.

Apology

Playlist: Plato - The allegory of the cave Bertrand Russell - Appearance and Reality of The Problems of Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche - Thus Spoke Zarathustra Herman Hesse - Siddhartha The Three Initiates - The Kybalion Leo Tolstoy - The Kingdom of God is within you Immanuel Kant - Answering the question: what is enlightenment? Lao Tzu - Tao Te Ching Plato - The Apology of Socrates

Classic Philosophical Works (Thus Spoke Zarathustra, The Apology of Socrates, Tao Te Ching...)

In 'De republiek van Plato', in het Nederduitsch overgebracht, presenteert Plato een diepgaand onderzoek naar rechtvaardigheid, de ideale staat en het karakter van de mens. Het werk is gestructureerd als een dialoog, waarin Socrates en verschillende andere karakters in gesprek gaan over essentiële vragen omtrent politiek en ethiek. Plato's gebruik van allegorieën, zoals de beroemde 'Grot van Plato', illustreert de kloof tussen de zintuiglijke wereld en de wereld van ideeën, en versterkt zijn argument voor de filosofische heerschappij. De literaire stijl, op seminariale toon, biedt niet alleen theoretische inzichten maar nodigt ook uit tot reflectie, waardoor het werk zijn plaats in de Westerse filosofische canon verwerft. Plato (circa 427-347 v.Chr.) was een Griekse filosoof en leerling van Socrates. De ervaringen van Socrates' leven en dood hebben Plato diep beïnvloed, hetgeen blijkt in zijn uiteenzettingen over rechtvaardigheid en deugd. Zijn academische achtergrond in de aristocratische traditie van Athene, gecombineerd met zijn interacties met politieke levendigheid, hebben hem gedreven om een ideale staatsvorm te beschrijven. Alma mater van de Academie en een voorloper van de Westerse filosofie, legt hij de fundamenten voor toekomstige denkers en ziet hij de rol van de filosoof in de samenleving als cruciaal. 'De republiek van Plato' is een onmisbaar werk voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in politieke filosofie, ethiek en de fundamenten van de democratie. Het biedt niet alleen een historische context maar daagt de lezer uit om opnieuw na te denken over hedendaagse kwesties van rechtvaardigheid en bestuur. De heldere, maar diepgravende argumentatie en de poëtische stijl maken het een aansprekend en tijdloos boek dat elke intellectueel nieuwsgierige geest zal boeien.

De republiek van Plato : In het Nederduitsch overgebragt

De Republiek is een socratische dialoog, geschreven door Plato rond 375 v.Chr., over gerechtigheid, de orde en het karakter van de rechtvaardige stadstaat, en de rechtvaardige mens. Het is Plato's bekendste werk en een van 's werelds meest invloedrijke werken op het gebied van filosofie en politieke theorie, zowel intellectueel als historisch. In de dialoog bespreekt Socrates de betekenis van gerechtigheid en of de rechtvaardige man gelukkiger is dan de onrechtvaardige man met verschillende Atheners en buitenlanders. Hij beschouwt de aard van bestaande regimes en stelt vervolgens ter vergelijking een reeks hypothetische steden voor, met als hoogtepunt Kallipolis, een utopische stadstaat geregeerd door een klasse van filosoof-koningen. Ze bespreken ook ouder worden, liefde, vormtheorie, de onsterfelijkheid van de ziel en de rol van de filosoof en van poëzie in de samenleving. De setting van de dialoog lijkt de tijd van de Peloponnesische Oorlog te zijn.

De republiek

Maak kennis met de essentiële figuren van de Idealistische filosofie, van Plato tot Arthur Schopenhauer en Immanuel Kant. Hun werk heeft het geheel van de westerse filosofie gevormd; verdiepen zich in hun werken en gedachten met een selectie van de essentiële citaten die hun grote ideeën introduceren en de structuur van hun werk helder afbakenen.

300 citaten van idealistische filosofen

Maak kennis met de belangrijkste oude filosofen, Griekse en Romeinse denkers die de westerse filosofie hebben gevormd. Diep in hun werken en gedachten duiken met een selectie van de essentiële citaten die hun grote ideeën introduceren en de structuur van hun werk helder afbakenen, wat een perfecte introductie is voor beginners in de filosofie, met de werken van Aristoteles, Cicero, Epictetus, Heraclitus, Marcus Aurelius, Plato, en Seneca.

700 citaten uit de oude filosofie

Wat is een betere manier om je algemene kennis en cultuur te ontwikkelen dan door de eigen woorden van de grootste denkers die de aarde hebben bewandeld, met een selectie van essentiële citaten die hun werk afbakenen en hun krachtigste ideeën met duidelijkheid introduceren. Ontdek of verdiep je in het begrip van onze cultuur met de werken van Shakespeare, Einstein, Confucius, Sun Tzu, Winston Churchill, Napoléon, Laozi (ook bekend als Lao-Tsu), Plato, Nietzsche en de Bouddha.

Ontwikkel uw algemene kennis in 1000 citaten

Liefde, schoonheid, het goede, rechtvaardigheid, vriendschap, waarheid, onsterfelijkheid en de dood zijn de grote thema's die cirkelen rondom de centrale vraag van Plato en zijn leermeester Socrates: Hoe moet ik leven? In de vorm van een onderzoekende en analyserende dialogen onderneemt Plato een filosofische speurtocht naar mogelijke antwoorden.

Dialogen

Het "Phaidon" van Plato is een filosofisch dialoog dat zich concentreert op de zielenleer en de onsterfelijkheid van de ziel. Gevoerd tussen Socrates en zijn vrienden, voorafgaand aan zijn executie, verkent het de noties van de ziel, leven na de dood en de zoektocht naar waarheid en kennis. De stijl van de tekst is kenmerkend voor Plato's gebruik van dialoogvorm, waarin complexe ideeën helder worden gepresenteerd door middel van gesprekken die de lezer uitnodigen tot reflectie. De dialogen zijn rijk aan retorische technieken en verwijzingen naar eerdere filosofische tradities, waarmee Plato zich positioneert in een intellectuele context die kan worden geplaatst binnen de bredere Griekse filosofie en haar invloed op latere denken. Plato, een leerling van Socrates en een van de meest invloedrijke denkers uit de Westerse filosofie, was een voormalig aristocraat en een fervent onderzoeker van ethiek, metafysica en epistemologie. Zijn ervaringen in de politiek in Athene, evenals zijn teleurstelling in de democratie, vormden zijn inzichten die vaak terugkomen in zijn werken. Het verhaal van Socrates' dood heeft een diepe indruk op hem gedrukt, wat hem ertoe heeft aangezet de dialoogvorm te gebruiken om zo de filosofische ideeën over de ziel en het leven na de dood van zijn leraar te verkennen. "Phaidon" is niet alleen een essentieel werk voor studenten van de filosofie, maar ook voor lezers die geïnteresseerd zijn in de literatuur en de ethische vraagstukken die de menselijke ervaring vormgeven. De diepgaande reflecties en de poëtische kracht van Plato's proza maken dit boek tot een onmisbaar onderdeel van de canon van de wereldliteratuur. Aan 누구 die zich bezighoudt met vragen van leven en dood, of die simpelweg gefascineerd is door de wijsheid van de oudheid, wordt "Phaidon" met nadruk aanbevolen.

Platoons Phaidoon : Uit het Grieksch overgebracht

Leer je eigen wijsheid op te bouwen met behulp van de belangrijkste klassieke Griekse filosofen, wier invloed het westerse denken heeft gevormd en nog steeds kan worden gevoeld. Duik diep in hun werken en gedachten met een selectie van de essentiële citaten die hun grote ideeën introduceren en de structuur van hun werk helder afbakenen, wat een perfecte introductie is voor beginners in de filosofie, met de werken van Aristoteles, Plato, Socrates, Heraclitus, en Epictetus.

Wijsheid leren met Griekse Klassieke Filosofen 500 citaten

In "Crito" presenteert Plato een fascinerend dialoog waarin Socrates, net voor zijn executie, een diepgaand gesprek voert met zijn vriend Crito over rechtvaardigheid, burgerplicht en de juiste manier om te handelen. Het boek heeft een heldere en beknopte stijl, kenmerkend voor Plato's filosofische methode, waarin de dialectiek centraal staat. De dialoog creëert een spanningsveld tussen morele principes en de sociale normen van die tijd, en biedt een raamwerk voor het begrijpen van de morele verantwoordelijkheid van individuen ten opzichte van de staat. De context van het werk ligt in de schaduw van Socrates' veroordeling, waarmee Plato niet alleen zijn leermeester eert, maar ook bredere vragen stelt over ethiek en deugdzaamheid in de samenleving. Plato, een van de grootste filosofen van de Westerse traditie, schreef "Crito" in de context van zijn onwrikbaar geloof in de kracht van de rede. Geboren in Athene rond 427 v.Chr., werd hij sterk beïnvloed door Socrates' methodiek en zijn zoektocht naar waarheid en rechtvaardigheid. Het leven van Plato werd gekenmerkt door politieke turbulentie en zijn zorgen over de staat van de Atheense democratie, wat hem motiveerde om deze dialogen te schrijven als een manier om te reflecteren op morele en politieke vraagstukken. "Crito" is een onmisbaar werk voor iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in ethiek, politieke filosofie en de zoektocht naar waarheid. Dit boek biedt een krachtige reflectie op de verantwoordelijkheid van individuen tegenover de maatschappij en daagt de lezer uit om zijn eigen opvattingen over rechtvaardigheid en morele plichten te heroverwegen. Het is een briljant voorbeeld van hoe filosofie kan leiden tot zelfreflectie en een dieper begrip van de menselijke ervaring.

Crito: Een dialoog van Plato

Grote filosofie hoeft niet saai te zijn. De diepste geesten kunnen ook de geestigste zijn, en deze 100 citaten schijnen een onthullend licht op de humor van de beste filosofen. We hebben voor u de meest interessante citaten over filosofie geselecteerd, met zijn eigen grootste figuren die de humoristische kant ervan onthullen: Nietzsche, Spinoza, Socrates, Plato, en ook Gilles Deleuze, Beethoven, Oscar Wilde, Albert Camus en vele anderen. Wie zelf leert denken zal ook leren zichzelf niet te serieus te nemen; en de grootste geesten zijn ook de grappigste.

100 citaten over filosofie

Een filosoof merkte ooit op: "De veiligste algemene typering van de Europese filosofische traditie is dat het bestaat uit een reeks voetnoten bij Plato. Plato wordt inderdaad beschouwd als de meest centrale figuur in de ontwikkeling van de filosofie, samen met zijn leraar, Socrates, en zijn leerling, Aristoteles. Maar zijn geschriften zijn vaak licht, fris en grappig; het was Plato die de dialoog in de filosofie uitvond, die een punt heel gemakkelijk te volgen maakt en de aanleiding vormt voor verschillende scenische arrangementen. Plato is een van de meest schitterende schrijvers ooit; wij hebben voor u honderd van zijn beste citaten geselecteerd, zodat u inspiratie kunt opdoen en kennis kunt maken met dit fondamentele deel van onze cultuur.

100 citaten van Plato

De Theaetetus is een filosofisch werk geschreven door Plato in het begin van het midden van de 4e eeuw voor Christus, dat de aard van kennis onderzoekt, en wordt beschouwd als een van de grondleggers van de epistemologie. Zoals veel van Plato's werken is de Theaetetus geschreven in de vorm van een dialoog, in dit geval tussen Socrates en de jonge wiskundige Theaetetus en zijn leraar Theodorus van Cyrene. In de dialoog proberen Socrates en Theaetetus een definitie van episteme, of kennis, te bedenken en bespreken ze drie definities van kennis: kennis als niets anders dan perceptie, kennis als waar oordeel en, ten slotte, kennis als een waar oordeel met een verslag. . Elk van deze definities blijkt onbevredigend te zijn, aangezien de dialoog eindigt in aporie als Socrates vertrekt om te worden gehoord voor zijn proces wegens goddeloosheid.

Theaetetus

Euthydemus by Plato Euthydemus (Greek: Εὐθύδημος, Euthydemes), written c. 384 BC, is a dialogue by Plato which satirizes what Plato presents as the logical fallacies of the Sophists.[1] In it, Socrates describes to his friend Crito a visit he and various youths paid to two brothers, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus, both of whom were prominent Sophists and pankrationists from Chios and Thurii. The Euthydemus contrasts Socratic argumentation and education with the methods of Sophism, to the detriment of the latter. Throughout the dialogue, Euthydemus and Dionysodorus continually attempt to ensnare Socrates with what are presented as deceptive and meaningless arguments, primarily to demonstrate their professed philosophical superiority. As in many of the Socratic dialogues, the two Sophists against whom Socrates argues were indeed real people. Euthydemus was somewhat famous at the time the dialogue was written, and is mentioned several times by both Plato and Aristotle. Likewise, Dionysodorus is mentioned by Xenophon.

Euthydemus

Parmenides by Plato (Greek: Παρμενίδης) is one of the dialogues of Plato. It is widely considered to be one of the most challenging and enigmatic of Plato's dialogues. The Parmenides purports to be an account of a meeting between the two great philosophers of the Eleatic school, Parmenides and Zeno of Elea, and a young Socrates. The occasion of the meeting was the reading by Zeno of his treatise defending Parmenidean monism against those partisans of plurality who asserted that Parmenides' supposition that there is a one gives rise to intolerable absurdities and contradictions. The dialogue is set during a supposed meeting between Parmenides and Zeno of Elea in Socrates' hometown of Athens. This dialogue is chronologically the earliest of all as Socrates is only nineteen years old here. It is also notable that he takes the position of the student here while Parmenides serves as the lecturer. The whole dialogue is likely fictitious as Parmenides and Zeno of Elea lived in Southern Italy which was in the process of being colonized by Greeks at the time.

Parmenides

Symposium by Plato - In ancient Greece, the symposium (Greek: συμπόσιον symposion or symposio, from συμπίνειν sympinein, "to drink together") was a part of a banquet that took place after the meal, when drinking for pleasure was accompanied by music, dancing, recitals, or conversation. Literary works that describe or take place at a symposium include two Socratic dialogues, Plato's Symposium and Xenophon's Symposium, as well as a number of Greek poems such as the elegies of Theognis of Megara. Symposia are depicted in Greek and Etruscan art that shows similar scenes. In modern usage, it has come to mean an academic conference or meeting such as a scientific conference. The equivalent of a Greek symposium in Roman society is the Latin convivium.

Symposium

Critias Plato - Critias, one of Plato's late dialogues, recounts the story of the mighty island kingdom Atlantis and its attempt to conquer Athens, which failed due to the ordered society of the Athenians. In this short book "Critias", you will find very intense and meaningful dialogues of Critias, Timaeus, Socrates, and Hermocrates.

Critias

Plato (428/427–348/347 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and mathematician of the Classic Age who founded the Academy of Athens. Noted as a student of Socrates, Plato has distinguished himself as one of the founders of Western philosophy by recording the teachings of his master and his own philosophies in 35 dialogues and 13 letters (some are disputed as spurious). This collection contains the following works by Plato: All books translated by Benjamin Jowett Part 1: Early Dialogues The Apology Crito Charmides Laches Lysis Euthyphro Menexenus Ion Gorgias Protagoras Meno Part 2: Middle Dialogues Euthydemus Cratylus Phaedo Phaedrus The Symposium Theaetetus Parmenides Part 3: Late Dialogues Sophist Statesman Philebus Timaeus Critias Part 4: The Republic I: Of Wealth, Justice, Moderation, and their Opposites II: The Individual, the State, and Education III: The Arts in Education IV: Wealth, Poverty, and Virtue V: On Matrimony and Philosophy VI: The Philosophy of Government VII: On Shadows and Realities in Education VIII: Four Forms of Government IX: On Wrong or Right Government, and the Pleasures of Each X: The Recompense of Life Part 5: The Laws Books I–XII

Plato: The Complete Works (31 Books) (A to Z Classics)

Plato: The Complete Works (A to Z Classics)

In "Menexenus," Plato presents a captivating dialogue that unfolds as a mock funeral oration, showcasing the art of rhetoric and philosophy. Written in a style that blends praise for the Athenian state with a satirical twist, this work is notable for its exploration of themes such as patriotism, civic duty, and the construction of identity through collective memory. The dialogue also serves as an insightful commentary on the role of the philosopher in society, particularly in relation to the oratorical excesses of contemporary rhetoric, reflecting Plato's larger philosophical discourse on truth and morality. Plato, one of the most influential philosophers in Western thought, was deeply engaged with the political and ethical dilemmas of his time. His experiences during tumultuous periods in Athenian history, including the Peloponnesian War, profoundly shaped his views on governance and the nature of the human soul. "Menexenus" emerges as both a tribute to the fallen and a critique of the glorification of war, illustrating Plato's unique ability to navigate personal and societal themes through dialogue. I highly recommend "Menexenus" to readers interested in the intersection of philosophy, politics, and rhetoric. This work not only deepens our understanding of Athenian culture but also challenges us to reconsider the narratives we construct about our own civic identities.

Menexenus

Apology Plato - How you, O Athenians, have been affected by my accusers, I cannot tell; but I know that they almost made me forget who I wasso persuasively did they speak; and yet they have hardly uttered a word of truth. But of the many falsehoods told by them, there was one which quite amazed me;I mean when they said that you should be upon your guard and not allow yourselves to be deceived by the force of my eloquence. To say this, when they were certain to be detected as soon as I opened my lips and proved myself to be anything but a great speaker, did indeed appear to me most shamelessunless by the force of eloquence they mean the force of truth; for is such is their meaning, I admit that I am eloquent. But in how different a way from theirs! Well, as I was saying, they have scarcely spoken the truth at all; but from me you shall hear the whole truth: not, however, delivered after their manner in a set oration duly ornamented with words and phrases. No, by heaven! but I shall use the words and arguments which occur to me at the moment; for I am confident in the justice of my cause (Or, I am certain that I am right in taking this course.): at my time of life I ought not to be appearing before you, O men of Athens, in the character of a juvenile oratorlet no one expect it of me. And I must beg of you to grant me a favour:If I defend myself in my accustomed manner, and you hear me using the words which I have been in the habit of using in the agora, at the tables of the money-changers, or anywhere else, I would ask you not to be surprised, and not to interrupt me on this account. For I am more than seventy years of age, and appearing now for the first time in a court of law, I am quite a stranger to the language of the place; and therefore I would have you regard me as if I were really a stranger, whom you would excuse if he spoke in his native tongue, and after the fashion of his country:Am I making an unfair request of you? Never mind the manner, which may or may not be good; but think only of the truth of my words, and give heed to that: let the speaker speak truly and the judge decide justly.

Laws Plato - The Laws are discussed by three representatives of Athens, Crete, and Sparta. The Athenian, as might be expected, is the protagonist or chief speaker, while the second place is assigned to the Cretan, who, as one of the leaders of a new colony, has a special interest in the conversation. At least four-fifths of the answers are put into his mouth. The Spartan is every inch a soldier, a man of few words himself, better at deeds than words. The Athenian talks to the two others, although they are his equals in age, in the style of a master discoursing to his scholars; he frequently praises himself; he entertains a very poor opinion of the understanding of his companions.

Laws

Meno Plato - Meno is a Socratic dialogue scripted by Plato. It appears to attempt to determine the definition of virtue, or arete, meaning virtue in general, rather than particular virtues, such as justice or temperance. Some scholars believe that Plato was named for his grandfather, Aristocles, following the tradition of the naming the eldest son after the grandfather. But there is no conclusive evidence of this, or that Plato was the eldest son in his family. Other historians claim that "Plato" was a nickname, referring to his broad physical build. This too is possible, although there is record that the name Plato was given to boys before Aristocles was born. As with many young boys of his social class, Plato was probably taught by some of Athens' finest educators. The curriculum would have featured the doctrines of Cratylus and Pythagoras as well as Parmenides. These probably helped develop the foundation for Plato's study of metaphysics (the study of nature) and epistemology (the study of knowledge).

Meno

Phaedo Plato - A classic work of ancient Greek literature from one of the most famous of all ancient Greek philosophers, the "Phaedo" is the story of the last moments of Socrates life as recounted by Phaedo a first-hand witness to Socrates final hours. In those last moments Socrates explains that his suicide does not matter because his soul is immortal and he proceeds to give four reasons why this is so. No two greater figures than Plato and Socrates exist in the world of ancient Greek philosophy. Here they are brought together, one as the subject and the other as the author. Presented here is the classic introduction and translation of Benjamin Jowett.

Phaedo

Critias by Plato Critias (/ˈkrɪtiəs/; Greek: Κριτίας, Kritias; c. 460 – 403 BC) was an ancient Athenian political figure and author. Born in Athens, Critias was the son of Callaeschrus and a first cousin of Plato's mother Perictione. He became a leading and violent member of the Thirty Tyrants. He also was an associate of Socrates, a fact that did not endear Socrates to the Athenian public. Critias was noted in his day for his tragedies, elegies, and prose works. Sextus Empiricus attributed the Sisyphus fragment to Critias; others, however, attribute it to Euripides. His only known play is Peirithous. In addition, eight shorter quotations from unidentified plays have come down to us. Critias gave an account of his ancestry which was later recorded in Plato's Timaeus. Critias's great-grandfather, Dropidas, was an intimate friend of Solon. Dropidas's son, also named Critias, was the grandfather and namesake of the author Critias. Critias was once a student of Socrates. The two had a strained relationship. However, it is said that Critias was the one who saved Socrates from persecution during the terror of the Thirty Tyrants. However, Critias was very greedy, something that Socrates did not approve of. After the fall of Athens to the Spartans, Critias, as one of the Thirty Tyrants, blacklisted many of its citizens. Most of his prisoners were executed and their wealth confiscated.

Gorgias by Plato Gorgias (/ˈɡɔːrdʒiəs/;[1] Greek: Γοργίας; 483–375 BC)[2] was an ancient Greek sophist, pre-Socratic philosopher, and rhetorician who was a native of Leontinoi in Sicily. Along with Protagoras, he forms the first generation of Sophists. Several doxographers report that he was a pupil of Empedocles, although he would only have been a few years younger. "Like other Sophists, he was an itinerant that practiced in various cities and giving public exhibitions of his skill at the great pan-Hellenic centers of Olympia and Delphi, and charged fees for his instruction and performances. A special feature of his displays was to ask miscellaneous questions from the audience and give impromptu replies." He has been called "Gorgias the Nihilist" although the degree to which this epithet adequately describes his philosophy is controversial. Gorgias was born circa 483 BC in Leontinoi, a Chalcidian colony in eastern Sicily that was allied with Athens. His father's name was Charmantides. He had a brother named Herodicus, who was a physician, and sometimes accompanied him during his travels. He also had a sister, whose name is not known, but whose grandson dedicated a golden statue to his great uncle at Delphi.

Gorgias

Ion by Plato In Plato's Ion (/ˈaɪɒn/; Greek: Ἴων) Socrates discusses with the titular character, a professional rhapsode who also lectures on Homer, the question of whether the rhapsode, a performer of poetry, gives his performance on account of his skill and knowledge or by virtue of divine possession. It is one of the shortest of Plato's dialogues. Ion has just come from a festival of Asclepius at the city of Epidaurus, after having won first prize in the competition. Socrates engages him in discussion and Ion explains how his knowledge and skill is limited to Homer, whom he claims to understand better than anyone alive. Socrates finds this puzzling as to him it seems that Homer treats many of the same subjects as other poets like Hesiod, subjects such as war or divination, and that if someone is knowledgeable in any one of those he should be able to understand what both of these poets say. Furthermore, this man is probably not the poet, like Ion, but a specialist like a doctor, who knows better about nutrition. "For not by art do they utter these things, but by divine influence; since, if they had fully learned by art to speak on one kind of theme, they would know how to speak on all. And for this reason God takes away the mind of these men and uses them as his ministers, just as he does soothsayers and godly seers, in order that we who hear them may know that it is not they who utter these words of great price, when they are out of their wits, but that it is God himself who speaks and addresses us through them." (534b–d)

Phaedrus by Plato written by Plato, is a dialogue between Plato's protagonist, Socrates, and Phaedrus, an interlocutor in several dialogues. The Phaedrus was presumably composed around 370 BCE, about the same time as Plato's Republic and Symposium. Although ostensibly about the topic of love, the discussion in the dialogue revolves around the art of rhetoric and how it should be practiced, and dwells on subjects as diverse as metempsychosis (the Greek tradition of reincarnation) and erotic love. One of the dialogue's central passages is the famous Chariot Allegory, which presents the human soul as composed of a charioteer, a good horse tending upward to the divine, and a bad horse tending downward to material embodiment. The dialogue consists of a series of three speeches on the topic of love that serves as the subject to construct a discussion on the proper use of rhetoric. They encompass discussions of the soul, madness, divine inspiration, and the practice and mastery of an art. As they walk out into the countryside, Socrates tries to convince Phaedrus to repeat the speech of Lysias which he has just heard. Phaedrus makes several excuses, but Socrates suspects strongly that Phaedrus has a copy of the speech with him. Saying that while Lysias is present, he would never allow himself to be used as a training partner for Phaedrus to practice his own speech-making on, he asks Phaedrus to expose what he is holding under his cloak. Phaedrus gives in and agrees to perform Lysias' speech.

Phaedrus

Phaedo by Plato also known to ancient readers as On The Soul, is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the Republic and the Symposium. The philosophical subject of the dialogue is the immortality of the soul. It is set in the last hours prior to the death of Socrates, and is Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, following Euthyphro, Apology, and Crito. One of the main themes in the Phaedo is the idea that the soul is immortal. In the dialogue, Socrates discusses the nature of the afterlife on his last day before being executed by drinking hemlock. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death by an Athenian jury for not believing in the gods of the state (though some scholars think it was more for his support of "philosopher kings" as opposed to democracy) and for corrupting the youth of the city. By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates' friends, including the two Thebans, Cebes, and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death. Phaedo tells the story that following the discussion, he and the others were there to witness the death of Socrates. The Phaedo was first translated into Latin from Greek by Henry Aristippus in 1160.

Philebus by Plato (/fɪˈliːbəs/; occasionally given as Philebos; Greek: Φίληβος) is a Socratic dialogue written in the 4th century BC by Plato. Besides Socrates (the main speaker) the other interlocutors are Philebus and Protarchus. Philebus, who advocates the life of physical pleasure (hedonism), hardly participates, and his position is instead defended by Protarchus, who learnt argumentation from Sophists. Socrates proposes there are higher pleasures (such as those of the mind) as well as lower ones, and asks if the best life isn't one that optimally mixes both. Manuscripts of the work give it the subtitle "peri hēdonēs, ēthikos" ("ethics/moral concerning pleasure") implying that its topic is "concerning pleasure" and it is a work on ethics — that is, the question of what way of life is best. However "there are large parts in the dialogue that deal with dialectics and ontology but have nothing to do with pleasure and ethics, or if so, only indirectly".

Philebus

Protagoras by Plato is a dialogue by Plato. The traditional subtitle (which may or may not be Plato's) is "or the Sophists". The main argument is between Socrates and the elderly Protagoras, a celebrated sophist and philosopher. The discussion takes place at the home of Callias, who is host to Protagoras while he is in town, and concerns the nature of sophists, the unity and the teachability of virtue. A total of twenty-one people are named as present. The dialogue begins with an unnamed friend of Socrates asking him how his pursuit of the young Alcibiades, just now reputed to be growing his first beard, is proceeding. Socrates explains that while he has just been in the company of Alcibiades, his mind is now on more interesting matters. He says that the Sophist Protagoras, the wisest man alive (309c–d), is in town. Socrates relates the story of how his young friend, Hippocrates, son of Apollodorus, came knocking on his door before daybreak and roused him out of bed. Hippocrates was in a big hurry to be present when Protagoras held court, as he was expected to do, at the home of Callias, and wanted Socrates to introduce him as a potential student to the old Sophist, as Protagoras had a great reputation as a teacher.

Protagoras

The Republic - Plato - Benjamin Jowett is a Socratic dialogue, authored by Plato around 375 BC, concerning justice (δικαιοσύνη), the order and character of the just city-state, and the just man. It is Plato's best-known work, and has proven to be one of the world's most influential works of philosophy and political theory, both intellectually and historically. In the dialogue, Socrates talks with various Athenians and foreigners about the meaning of justice and whether the just man is happier than the unjust man. They consider the natures of existing regimes and then propose a series of different, hypothetical cities in comparison, culminating in Kallipolis (Καλλίπολις), a utopian city-state ruled by a philosopher-king. They also discuss the theory of forms, the immortality of the soul, and the role of the philosopher and of poetry in society. The dialogue's setting seems to be during the Peloponnesian War. While visiting the Piraeus with Glaucon, Polemarchus tells Socrates to join him for a romp. Socrates then asks Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus their definitions of justice. Cephalus defines justice as giving what is owed. Polemarchus says justice is "the art which gives good to friends and evil to enemies. " Thrasymachus proclaims "justice is nothing else than the interest of the stronger." Socrates overturns their definitions and says that it is to one's advantage to be just and disadvantage to be unjust. The first book ends in aporia concerning its essence.

The Statesman by Plato also known by its Latin title, Politicus, is a Socratic dialogue written by Plato. The text depicts a conversation among Socrates, the mathematician Theodorus, another person named Socrates (referred to as "Socrates the Younger"), and an unnamed philosopher from Elea referred to as "the Stranger" (ξένος, xénos). It is ostensibly an attempt to arrive at a definition of "statesman," as opposed to "sophist" or "philosopher" and is presented as following the action of the Sophist. The Sophist had begun with the question of whether the sophist, statesman, and philosopher were one or three, leading the Eleatic Stranger to argue that they were three but that this could only be ascertained through full accounts of each (Sophist 217b). But though Plato has his characters give accounts of the sophist and statesman in their respective dialogues, it is most likely that he never wrote a dialogue about the philosopher.

The Statesman

Theaetetus by Plato is one of Plato's dialogues concerning the nature of knowledge, written circa 369 BCE. In this dialogue set in a wrestling school, Socrates and Theaetetus discuss three definitions of knowledge: knowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge as a true judgment with an account. Each of these definitions is shown to be unsatisfactory. Socrates declares Theaetetus will have benefited from discovering what he does not know, and that he may be better able to approach the topic in the future. The conversation ends with Socrates' announcement that he has to go to court to face a criminal indictment. Socrates thinks that the idea that knowledge is perception must be identical in meaning, if not in actual words, to Protagoras' famous maxim "Man is the measure of all things." Socrates wrestles to conflate the two ideas, and stirs in for good measure a claim about Homer being the captain of a team of Heraclitan flux theorists. Socrates dictates a complete textbook of logical fallacies to the bewildered Theaetetus. When Socrates tells the child that he (Socrates) will later be smaller without losing an inch because Theaetetus will have grown relative to him, the child complains of dizziness (155c). In an often quoted line, Socrates says with delight that "wonder (thaumazein) belongs to the philosopher". He admonishes the boy to be patient and bear with his questions, so that his hidden beliefs may be yanked out into the bright light of day.

Gorgias Plato - Taking the form of a dialogue between Socrates, Gorgias, Polus and Callicles, GORGIAS debates perennial questions about the nature of government and those who aspire to public office.Are high moral standards essential or should we give our preference to the pragmatist who gets things done or negotiates successfully? Should individuals be motivated by a desire for personal power and prestige, or genuine concern for the moral betterment of the citizens?These questions go to the heart of Athenian democratic principles and are more relevant than ever in today's political climate.

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