Hannibal was a Carthaginian general. He acquired his great distinction as a warrior by his desperate contests with the Romans. Rome and Carthage grew up together on opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea. For about a hundred years they waged against each other most dreadful wars. There were three of these wars. Rome was successful in the end, and Carthage was entirely destroyed. There was no real cause for any disagreement between these two nations. Their hostility to each other was mere rivalry and spontaneous hate. They spoke a different language; they had a different origin; and they lived on opposite sides of the same sea. So they hated and devoured each other.

Makers of History Series

Hannibal

There are four several methods by which the various communities into which the human race is divided obtain their subsistence from the productions of the earth, each of which leads to its own peculiar system of social organization, distinct in its leading characteristics from those of all the rest. Each tends to its own peculiar form of government, gives rise to its own manners and customs, and forms, in a word, a distinctive and characteristic type of life. These methods are the following: 1. By hunting wild animals in a state of nature. 2. By rearing tame animals in pasturages. 3. By gathering fruits and vegetables which grow spontaneously in a state of nature. 4. By rearing fruits and grains and other vegetables by artificial tillage in cultivated ground. By the two former methods man subsists on animal food. By the two latter on vegetable food.

Genghis Khan

Nero was Roman Emperor from 54 to 68, and the last in the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Nero was adopted by his great-uncle Claudius to become his heir and successor, and succeeded to the throne in 54 following Claudius' death. Nero focused much of his attention on diplomacy, trade, and enhancing the cultural life of the Empire. He ordered theaters built and promoted athletic games. During his reign, the redoubtable general Corbulo conducted a successful war and negotiated peace with the Parthian Empire. His general Suetonius Paulinus crushed a revolt in Britain. Nero annexed the Bosporan Kingdom to the Empire and began the First Roman–Jewish War. In 64 AD, most of Rome was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome, which many Romans believed Nero himself had started in order to clear land for his planned palatial complex, the Domus Aurea. In 68, the rebellion of Vindex in Gaul and later the acclamation of Galba in Hispania drove Nero from the throne. Facing assassination, he committed suicide on 9 June 68 (the first Roman emperor to do so). His death ended the Julio-Claudian Dynasty, sparking a brief period of civil wars known as the Year of the Four Emperors. Nero's rule is often associated with tyranny and extravagance. He is known for many executions, including that of his mother, and the probable murder by poison of his stepbrother Britannicus.

Nero

Alexander the Great is a towering figure in ancient history because of his legendary conquests throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa. He was born in 356 BC to the noble family of Macedon. As such, he was afforded with great luxuries growing up including having Aristotle as his private tutor. After his father was assassinated, he took over the throne and inherited a formidable army which he would put to tremendous use. Alexander was just in his early twenties when he embarked on an ambitious expansion of his territories. Despite his youth, he proved to be a capable military strategist and captured nearly all the kingdoms in his path, often leading the battles himself. Even the mighty Persians who had terrorized the Greek states for centuries had been defeated by his army. He also conquered Egypt, took the title of Pharaoh, and founded the city of Alexandria. His campaigns reached as far as India and could have gone farther if not for his men’s refusal to march on due to homesickness. Despite this premature turnaround back to Macedon, he was able to consolidate most of the known world under his rule—a feat never before achieved. He caught a vicious illness on the way back and died at the age of thirty-two far away from his home. This book is part of a biography series by brothers Jacob and John Abbott first published in 1876 with a few updates and revisions. It continues to be one of the best books written on Alexander the Great, his incredible conquests, his eventual downfall, and the aftermath of his death. It is filled with fascinating details and deep insights into that period in history. Alexander’s military tactics are still taught the world over and his influence lingers even after thousands of years.

Alexander the Great

In "The History of Genghis Khan," Jacob Abbott deftly chronicles the life and conquests of one of history's most formidable figures. Written in an accessible narrative style, Abbott employs vivid imagery and clear exposition to unravel the complexities of Genghis Khan'Äôs ascent from obscurity to the ruler of the largest contiguous empire in history. The book situates Genghis Khan within the broader context of the Mongol Empire, intertwining robust historical analysis with engaging storytelling, thus making it a vital read for those interested in medieval history and the intricacies of leadership and culture in the context of war and expansion. Jacob Abbott, an esteemed educator and prolific author, had a profound commitment to making history comprehensible and engaging for younger audiences. His extensive background in teaching and writing for the youth reflects a distinct pedagogical approach, allowing his readers to grasp complex subjects. Abbott's fascination with Genghis Khan, his strategies, and the cultural ramifications of his empire likely stemmed from his broader interest in figures who have shaped global narratives through transformative leadership. This compelling work is highly recommended for readers seeking to deepen their understanding of Genghis Khan'Äôs legacy, as well as those intrigued by the dynamics of power, culture, and history. Abbott's engaging narrative not only educates but also captivates, making it an excellent addition to any history enthusiast's library.

The History of Genghis Khan

In "Richard III," Jacob Abbott presents a compelling narrative that delves into the tumultuous life and reign of one of England's most notorious monarchs. Abbott employs a clear and engaging literary style, weaving together historical facts with dramatized accounts that bring the complexities of Richard III's character to life. Set against the backdrop of the War of the Roses, Abbott's work serves as both a chronicle and an interpretation of Richard's controversial legacy, urging readers to grapple with themes of power, ambition, and human frailty. Each chapter presents meticulously researched details, providing valuable insights into 15th-century England while retaining an accessible tone for broader audiences. Jacob Abbott, an influential 19th-century American author and educator, was known for his engaging retellings of historical figures and events for younger readers. His background in literature and history, along with a commitment to making these subjects approachable, resonates throughout "Richard III." Abbott's fascination with the interplay between morality and ambition in leadership likely inspired his exploration of Richard'Äôs life, as he sought to provide a nuanced understanding of this monarch rather than simply vilifying him. I highly recommend "Richard III" to students of history and literature alike, as Abbott skillfully bridges the gap between entertainment and education. This book serves as an excellent introduction to the complexities of power and ethics in leadership, inviting readers to reflect critically on the nature of history and its heroes.

Richard III

About five or six hundred years before Christ, almost the whole of the interior of Asia was united in one vast empire. The founder of this empire was Cyrus the Great. He was originally a Persian; and the whole empire is often called the Persian monarchy, taking its name from its founder’s native land. Cyrus was not contented with having annexed to his dominion all the civilized states of Asia. In the latter part of his life, he conceived the idea that there might possibly be some additional glory and power to be acquired in subduing certain half-savage regions in the north, beyond the Araxes. He accordingly raised an army, and set off on an expedition for this purpose, against a country which was governed by a barbarian queen named Tomyris. He met with a variety of adventures on this expedition, all of which are fully detailed in our history of Cyrus. There is, however, only one occurrence that it is necessary to allude to particularly here. That one relates to a remarkable dream which he had one night, just after he had crossed the river.

Darius the Great

Travelers, in ascending the Thames by the steamboat from Rotterdam, on their return from an excursion to the Rhine, have often their attention strongly attracted by what appears to be a splendid palace on the banks of the river at Greenwich. The edifice is not a palace, however, but a hospital, or, rather, a retreat where the worn out, maimed, and crippled veterans of the English navy spend the remnant of their days in comfort and peace, on pensions allowed them by the government in whose service they have spent their strength or lost their limbs. The magnificent buildings of the hospital stand on level land near the river.

Queen Elizabeth

"Alexander the Great  was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon. He succeeded his father Philip II to the throne in 336 BC at the age of 20 and spent most of his ruling years conducting a lengthy military campaign throughout Western Asia, Central Asia, parts of South Asia, and Egypt. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires in history, stretching from Greece to northwestern India12.    Here are some key points about Alexander the Great:    Military Conquests: Alexander was undefeated in battle and is widely considered to be one of history's greatest and most successful military commanders. His campaigns included victories at Issus and Gaugamela, where he overthrew Darius III and conquered the entire Achaemenid Empire.    Education    Education: Until the age of 16, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle.  Empire Building: He expanded his empire through relentless military campaigns, forging connections between different cultures and leaving a lasting impact on the regions he conquered.    Alexander's Balkan campaign    Legacy: Alexander's legacy extends beyond military conquests. He promoted the fusion of Greek and Persian cultures, leading to the Hellenistic period. His influence on art, architecture, and literature reverberated for centuries.    Death of Alexander the Great    Death: Alexander died in Babylon at the age of 32, leaving behind a legacy that continues to captivate historians and enthusiasts alike."

Cleopatra, who reigned as queen of Egypt during the 1st century B.C., is one of the most famous female rulers in history. She was known for her intelligence, powerful army, and notorious affairs with political leaders. It is the object of this series of histories to present a clear, distinct, and connected narrative of the lives of those great personages who have in various ages of the world made themselves celebrated as leaders among mankind, and, by the part they have taken in the public affairs of great nations, have exerted the widest influence on the history of the human race.

The History of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt: MAKERS OF HISTORY

A chronicle of one of the greatest Kings in history. Alfred the Great defended the Anglo-Saxons from the invading Vikings, as well as working to improve the legal system in his kingdom. The current Queen of England is a direct descendent of this fascinating man.

Alfred the Great

Some men are renowned in history on account of the extraordinary powers and capacities which they exhibited in the course of their career, or the intrinsic greatness of the deeds which they performed. Others, without having really achieved any thing in itself very great or wonderful, have become widely known to mankind by reason of the vast consequences which, in the subsequent course of events, resulted from their doings. Men of this latter class are conspicuous rather than great. From among thousands of other men equally exalted in character with themselves, they are brought out prominently to the notice of mankind only in consequence of the strong light reflected, by great events subsequently occurring, back upon the position where they happened to stand. The celebrity of Romulus seems to be of this latter kind. He founded a city. A thousand other men have founded cities; and in doing their work have evinced perhaps as much courage, sagacity, and mental power as Romulus displayed. The city of Romulus, however, became in the end the queen and mistress of the world. It rose to so exalted a position of influence and power, and retained its ascendency so long, that now for twenty centuries every civilized nation in the western world have felt a strong interest in every thing pertaining to its history, and have been accustomed to look back with special curiosity to the circumstances of its origin. In consequence of this it has happened that though Romulus, in his actual day, performed no very great exploits, and enjoyed no pre-eminence above the thousand other half-savage chieftains of his class, whose names have been long forgotten, and very probably while he lived never dreamed of any extended fame, yet so brilliant is the illumination which the subsequent events of history have shed upon his position and his doings, that his name and the incidents of his life have been brought out very conspicuously to view, and attract very strongly the attention of mankind.

Romulus

In ancient times, when the city of Rome was at the height of its power and splendor, it was the custom, as it is in fact now with the inhabitants of wealthy capitals, for the principal families to possess, in addition to their city residences, rural villas for summer retreats, which they built in picturesque situations, at a little distance from the city, sometimes in the interior of the country, and sometimes upon the sea-shore. There were many attractive places of resort of this nature in the neighborhood of Rome. Among them was Antium. Antium was situated on the sea-coast about thirty miles south of the Tiber. A bold promontory here projects into the sea, affording from its declivities the most extended and magnificent views on every side. On the north, looking from the promontory of Antium, the eye follows the line of the coast away to the mouth of the Tiber; while, on the south, the view is terminated, at about the same distance, by the promontory of Circe, which is the second cape, or promontory, that marks the shore of Italy in going southward from Rome. Toward the interior, from Antium, there extends a broad and beautiful plain, bounded by wooded hills toward the shore, and by ranges of mountains in the distance beyond. On the southern side of the cape, and sheltered by it, was a small harbor where vessels from all the neighboring seas had been accustomed to bring in their cargoes, or to seek shelter in storms, from time immemorial. In fact, Antium, in point of antiquity, takes precedence, probably, even of Rome.

There were three great European nations in ancient days, each of which furnished history with a hero: the Greeks, the Carthaginians, and the Romans. Alexander was the hero of the Greeks. He was King of Macedon, a country lying north of Greece proper. He headed an army of his countrymen, and made an excursion for conquest and glory into Asia. He made himself master of all that quarter of the globe, and reigned over it in Babylon, till he brought himself to an early grave by the excesses into which his boundless prosperity allured him. His fame rests on his triumphant success in building up for himself so vast an empire, and the admiration which his career has always excited among mankind is heightened by the consideration of his youth, and of the noble and generous impulses which strongly marked his character.

Julius Caesar

Of all the beautiful women of history, none has left us such convincing proofs of her charms as Cleopatra, for the tide of Rome’s destiny, and, therefore, that of the world, turned aside because of her beauty. Julius Caesar, whose legions trampled the conquered world from Canopus to the Thames, capitulated to her, and Mark Antony threw a fleet, an empire and his own honor to the winds to follow her to his destruction. Disarmed at last before the frigid Octavius, she found her peerless body measured by the cold eye of her captor only for the triumphal procession, and the friendly asp alone spared her Rome’s crowning ignominy.

Cleopatra

The history of the life of every individual who has, for any reason, attracted extensively the attention of mankind, has been written in a great variety of ways by a multitude of authors, and persons sometimes wonder why we should have so many different accounts of the same thing. The reason is, that each one of these accounts is intended for a different set of readers, who read with ideas and purposes widely dissimilar from each other. Among the twenty millions of people in the United States, there are perhaps two millions, between the ages of fifteen and twenty-five, who wish to become acquainted, in general, with the leading events in the history of the Old World, and of ancient times, but who, coming upon the stage in this land and at this period, have ideas and conceptions so widely different from those of other nations and of other times, that a mere republication of existing accounts is not what they require.

History of King Charles the First of England

Alexander the Great died when he was quite young. He was but thirty-two years of age when he ended his career, and as he was about twenty when he commenced it, it was only for a period of twelve years that he was actually engaged in performing the work of his life. Napoleon was nearly three times as long on the great field of human action. Notwithstanding the briefness of Alexander’s career, he ran through, during that short period, a very brilliant series of exploits, which were so bold, so romantic, and which led him into such adventures in scenes of the greatest magnificence and splendor, that all the world looked on with astonishment then, and mankind have continued to read the story since, from age to age, with the greatest interest and attention.

This edition includes the following editor's introduction: The historical importance of Xerxes, King of Persia Originally published in 1850, “Xerxes” by Jacob Abbott is an accessible and immensely readable biography of Xerxes, King of Persia. This historical biography is part of the 'Makers of History' series and it is the best single-volume introduction to the life and times of the Persian "King of Kings." The name of Xerxes is associated in the minds of men with the idea of the highest attainable elevation of human magnificence and grandeur. This monarch was the sovereign of the ancient Persian empire when it was at the height of its prosperity and power.

Xerxes (Annotated)

In Jacob Abbott's compelling biography, "Richard III," readers are presented with an intricately woven narrative that delves deep into the tumultuous life of one of England's most controversial monarchs. Abbott employs a captivating prose style that combines rigorous historical analysis with vivid storytelling, making this account not only informative but also engaging. He situates Richard III within the broader context of the Wars of the Roses, exploring the political intrigue, familial betrayal, and the shifting allegiances that characterized this pivotal era in English history. Abbott's attention to psychological nuance and character development brings Richard's complex persona to life, challenging the often vilified image cemented by Shakespeare's portrayal. Jacob Abbott, a noted American author and educator of the 19th century, was deeply influenced by his passion for history and desire to present it in an accessible format. His extensive background in writing biographies and his commitment to elucidating historical truths underscore his motivation to shed light on the enigmatic figure of Richard III, whose legacy remains hotly contested. Abbott's literate and approachable style reveals his belief that history should be both educational and entertaining. "Richard III" is a must-read for anyone captivated by the intricacies of royal lineage and political struggle. Abbott's work offers invaluable insights not only into Richard's reign but also the impact of history's interpretations on our understanding of leadership and morality. This biography is recommended for history enthusiasts, students, and anyone who wishes to grasp the complexities of one of history's most debated figures.

THE mother of King Richard the Third was a beautiful, and, in many respects, a noble-minded woman, though she lived in very rude, turbulent, and trying times. She was born, so to speak, into one of the most widely-extended, the most bitter, and the most fatal of the family quarrels which have darkened the annals of the great in the whole history of mankind, namely, that long-protracted and bitter contest which was waged for so many years between the two great branches of the family of Edward the Third—the houses of York and Lancaster—for the possession of the kingdom of England. This dreadful quarrel lasted for more than a hundred years. It led to wars and commotions, to the sacking and burning of towns, to the ravaging of fruitful countries, and to atrocious deeds of violence of every sort, almost without number. The internal peace of hundreds of thousands of families all over the land was destroyed by it for many generations. Husbands were alienated from wives, and parents from children by it. Murders and assassinations innumerable grew out of it. And what was it all about? you will ask. It arose from the fact that the descendants of a certain king had married and intermarried among each other in such a complicated manner that for several generations nobody could tell which of two different lines of candidates was fairly entitled to the throne. The question was settled at last by a prince who inherited the claim on one side marrying a princess who was the heir on the other. Thus the conflicting interests of the two houses were combined, and the quarrel was ended. But, while the question was pending, it kept the country in a state of perpetual commotion, with feuds, and quarrels, and combats innumerable, and all the other countless and indescribable horrors of civil war...

Richard the Third (Serapis Classics)

William the Conqueror was the first Norman King of England, reigning from 1066 until his death in 1087. The descendant of Viking raiders, he had been Duke of Normandy since 1035 under the style William II. After a long struggle to establish his power, by 1060 his hold on Normandy was secure, and he launched the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The rest of his life was marked by struggles to consolidate his hold over England and his continental lands and by difficulties with his eldest son. The impact on England of William's conquest was profound; changes in the Church, aristocracy, culture, and language of the country have persisted into modern times. The Conquest brought the kingdom into closer contact with France and forged ties between France and England that lasted throughout the Middle Ages. Another consequence of William's invasion was the sundering of the formerly close ties between England and Scandinavia. William's government blended elements of the English and Norman systems into a new one that laid the foundations of the later medieval English kingdom. How abrupt and far-reaching the changes were is still a matter of debate among historians, with some such as Richard Southern claiming that the Conquest was the single most radical change in European history between the Fall of Rome and the 20th century.

William the Conqueror

Charles I was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. After his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the Puritans and Calvinists, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649.

Charles the First

Mary, Queen of Scots (1542 – 1587), also known as Mary Stuart or Mary I of Scotland, was queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 and queen consort of France from 1559 to 1560. Mary, the only surviving legitimate child of King James V of Scotland. She spent most of her childhood in France while Scotland was ruled by regents, and in 1558, she married the Dauphin of France, Francis. He ascended the French throne as King Francis II in 1559 until his death in1560. Widowed, Mary returned to Scotland. In 1567, she was forced to abdicate in favour of James, her one-year-old son. After an unsuccessful attempt to regain the throne, she fled southwards seeking the protection of her first cousin Queen Elizabeth I of England. Mary had previously claimed Elizabeth's throne as her own. Perceiving her as a threat, Elizabeth had her confined in a number of castles. After eighteen and a half years in custody, Mary was found guilty of plotting to assassinate Elizabeth, and was subsequently executed.

Mary Queen of Scots

Xerxes I of Persia also known as Xerxes the Great was the fourth king of the kings of Achaemenid Empire. Xerxes was crowned and succeeded his father in October–December 486 BC when he was about 36 years old. The transition of power to Xerxes was smooth due again in part to the great authority of Atossa and his accession of royal power was not challenged by any person at court or in the Achaemenian family, or any subject nation. Almost immediately, Xerxes crushed revolts in Egypt and Babylon that had broken out the year before, and appointed his brother Achaemenes as governor or satrap (Old Persian: khshathrapavan) over Egypt. In 484 BC, he outraged the Babylonians by violently confiscating and melting down the golden statue of Marduk the hands of which the rightful king of Babylon had to clasp each New Year's Day. This sacrilege led the Babylonians to rebel in 484 BC and 482 BC, so that in contemporary Babylonian documents, Xerxes refused his father's title of King of Babylon, being named rather as King of Persia and Media, Great King, King of Kings (Shahanshah) and King of Nations (i.e. of the world). At the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of Greek warriors led by King Leonidas of Sparta resisted the much larger Persian forces, but were ultimately defeated. According to Herodotus, the Persians broke the Spartan phalanx after a Greek man called Ephialtes betrayed his country by telling the Persians of another pass around the mountains. After Thermopylae, Athens was captured and the Athenians were driven back to their last line of defense at the Isthmus of Corinth and in the Saronic Gulf. What happened next is a matter of some controversy. According to Herodotus, upon encountering the deserted city, in a fit of rage uncharacteristic even for Persian kings, Xerxes had Athens burned. He immediately regretted this action and ordered it rebuilt the next day. However, Persian scholars dispute this view as pan-Hellenic propaganda, arguing that Sparta, not Athens, was Xerxes's main foe in his Greek campaigns, and that Xerxes would have had nothing to gain by destroying a major center of trade and commerce like Athens once he had already captured it.

Xerxes

In "Gentle Measures in the Management and Training of the Young," Jacob Abbott presents a progressive guide to child-rearing that emphasizes kindness and reason over strict discipline. Written in a clear, engaging style, the book reflects the emerging 19th-century educational philosophies advocating for the nurturing of children's natural instincts and emotions. Abbott meticulously outlines practical strategies rooted in respect and understanding, challenging the traditional authoritarian parenting norms of his time. His work resonates within the broader context of the Victorian era's interest in moral education and the psychological development of children, making it an essential read for those interested in the history of pedagogy. Jacob Abbott, an influential American author and educator, was deeply committed to reforming the education system in a way that acknowledged children's individuality. His extensive experience in teaching and writing, coupled with his conviction that children learn best in supportive environments, underscores the foundations of this seminal work. Abbott's insights were likely shaped by the shifting societal views on children and education during the 1800s, paving the way for more compassionate approaches to parenting and teaching. Readers seeking innovative perspectives on child-rearing will find "Gentle Measures in the Management and Training of the Young" to be a timeless resource. Abbott's gentle yet firm recommendations encourage parents and educators alike to foster a nurturing atmosphere conducive to healthy development. This book not only enriches our understanding of historical educational practices but also inspires contemporary readers to cultivate a kind and respectful approach to raising the next generation.

Gentle Measures in the Management and Training of the Young

In "Darius the Great," Jacob Abbott meticulously chronicles the life and reign of one of ancient Persia's most notable kings. Through a blend of historical narrative and engaging storytelling, Abbott employs a straightforward prose style, making complex political and cultural contexts accessible to his readers. The book is situated within the broader tradition of biographical literature, drawing upon extensive historical research while reflecting the 19th-century fascination with the grandeur of ancient civilizations, thus bridging the gap between scholarly work and popular narrative. Jacob Abbott, a prominent American author and educator, is well-known for his ability to simplify intricate historical subjects for younger audiences. His works often reflect his deep appreciation for ethics and governance, factors that likely influenced his portrayal of Darius. Abbott's experience in teaching and a keen interest in history may have spurred him to portray Darius not merely as a king, but as a symbol of enlightened rulership and moral complexity, encapsulating both his achievements and shortcomings. This book is highly recommended for anyone interested in ancient history, particularly those wishing to understand the intricate dynamics of leadership during a pivotal era. Abbott's engaging narrative style and keen insights render "Darius the Great" a compelling read, suitable for students and enthusiasts alike, inviting readers to reflect on the enduring questions of power and morality.

In "Margaret of Anjou," Jacob Abbott presents a vivid narrative centered on the life of the formidable queen consort of Henry VI of England. Written in the early Victorian period, Abbott employs a fluid and engaging prose style that incorporates both historical facts and imaginative embellishments, illuminating the complexities of Margaret's character amidst the turbulent landscape of the Wars of the Roses. The book delves into the intersection of personal ambition and political strife, capturing the nuances of loyalty, power, and the role of women in a predominantly patriarchal society. Abbott's adept storytelling brings to life not only the key events of Margaret's reign but also the emotional and psychological journeys that she underwent, making this historical figure accessible and relatable to modern readers. Jacob Abbott (1803-1879) was an American author known for his children's biographies and historical narratives. His extensive knowledge of history and passion for storytelling may stem from his early education and his desire to make history engaging for young readers. Through scholarly research and a commitment to narrative clarity, Abbott sought to inspire awe and understanding of notable figures from the past, exemplified in his portrayal of Margaret of Anjou, whose resilience and strategic acumen during a crisis of monarchy resonate profoundly in contemporary discussions of female leadership. "Margaret of Anjou" is a must-read for anyone fascinated by history, women's studies, or the intricate dynamics of power. Abbott's masterful balance of factual rigor and narrative flair invites readers to explore the untold stories of historical figures often overshadowed by their male counterparts. This biography not only enriches our understanding of Margaret's contributions but also encourages reflection on the legacies women leave in times of conflict.

Margaret of Anjou

In "William the Conqueror," Jacob Abbott masterfully chronicles the life of one of history's most formidable figures, exploring the complexities of his character and the monumental impact of his reign. The narrative intertwines vivid historical accounts with Abbott's accessible prose, making the text both engaging and educational. Abbott delves into William's ascent from the Duke of Normandy to the King of England, emphasizing the sociopolitical context of the 11th century, the intricacies of feudalism, and the pivotal events leading to the Norman Conquest, thus providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of this transformative period. Jacob Abbott, an American author and educator, possessed a fervent interest in bringing history to life, particularly for younger audiences. His broad experience in education prompted him to write a series of biographies exploring influential figures, where he utilized a narrative style aimed at fostering an enduring appreciation for historical figures among readers. Abbott's dedication to distilling complex historical events into accessible stories is evident throughout "William the Conqueror," reflecting his belief in the power of history to shape contemporary understanding. This book is highly recommended for history enthusiasts, educators, and anyone seeking to grasp the essence of medieval England through the lens of its most transformative ruler. Abbott's engaging storytelling and thorough research offer a captivating insight into William's life, making it an invaluable addition to the literary canon of historical biographies.

Jacob Abbott's "Mary Queen of Scots" presents a compelling biography that delves into the life of one of history's most enigmatic figures. Written in the early 19th century, Abbott's narrative blends meticulous research with a vivid literary style that brings historical events to life. The book captures the nuances of political intrigue, personal tragedy, and the tumultuous backdrop of the Tudor and Stuart dynasties, all while maintaining a biographical focus that emphasizes Mary's character and agency amidst her unfortunate fate. Abbott's prose combines clarity with emotive depth, allowing the reader to engage with Mary's experiences on a personal level. Jacob Abbott, a prominent American author and educator, was known for his accessible writing style and keen interest in educating the public about history. His background in literature and history, coupled with a desire to present complex figures in a relatable manner, undoubtedly influenced his portrayal of Mary Stuart. Abbott's works often aimed to inspire and enlighten young readers, making historical biography an optimal genre for his talents. This book is highly recommended for anyone interested in history, particularly those fascinated by the intricate interplay of power, femininity, and tragedy in the lives of historical figures. Abbott's "Mary Queen of Scots" not only offers a well-rounded portrayal of its subject but also serves as a gateway for readers to explore the rich complexities of the past.

ELIZABETH was about three years old at the death of her mother. She was a princess, but she was left in a very forlorn and desolate condition. She was not, however, entirely abandoned. Her claims to inherit the crown had been set aside, but then she was, as all admitted, the daughter of the king, and she must, of course, be the object of a certain degree of consideration and ceremony. It would be entirely inconsistent with the notions of royal dignity which then prevailed to have her treated like an ordinary child. Next came Elizabeth, who was about fourteen years of age. She was the daughter of the king's second wife, Queen Anne Boleyn. She had been educated a Protestant. She was not pretty, but was a very lively and sprightly child, altogether different in her cast of character and in her manners from her sister Mary. Then, lastly, there was Edward, the son of Jane Seymour, the third queen. He was about nine years of age at his father's death. He was boy of good character, mild and gentle in his position, fond of study and reflection, and a general favorite with all who knew him..

In "Cyrus the Great," Jacob Abbott presents a compelling biography that melds historical narrative with a storytelling approach, illustrating the life of one of antiquity's most illustrious figures. Abbott's literary style is characterized by a clear, engaging prose that caters to both younger audiences and adult readers, making complex historical content accessible. Through vivid descriptions and chronological detailing, Abbott situates Cyrus within the broader context of Persian history, emphasizing his exceptional leadership qualities and the foundational principles that underpinned the Achaemenid Empire. Jacob Abbott, an esteemed American author and educator of the 19th century, was renowned for his ability to weave historical facts into engaging narratives aimed at educating his young readers. Growing up in a period that valued literature and oratory, Abbott's passion for history combined with his desire to inspire learning in youths informs his captivating portrayal of Cyrus. His extensive work in children's literature and educational biographies is evident in this thoughtful homage to the great Persian ruler, showcasing not just the historical substance, but the timeless qualities of wisdom and leadership. "Cyrus the Great" is recommended for anyone interested in the history of ancient civilizations, leadership studies, or the biographical genre. Abbott's work is not only informative but also serves as a testament to the enduring legacy of Cyrus, offering insights that resonate with contemporary themes of governance and morality. Readers will find a blend of knowledge and storytelling in this enriching account that invites reflection on what constitutes true greatness in leadership.

Cyrus the Great

In 'Cleopatra,' Jacob Abbott presents a vividly rendered biographical account of one of history's most enigmatic figures. Crafted in an engaging narrative style, the book combines detailed historical research with a storytelling approach that brings Cleopatra to life. Abbott skillfully weaves together the rich tapestry of ancient Egypt's political intrigues, social customs, and the monumental events that defined Cleopatra's reign and legacy. The work emerges from the context of 19th-century American literature, reflecting a burgeoning interest in historical figures and the romanticized narratives surrounding them. Jacob Abbott, an esteemed author and educator, was prolific in his contribution to juvenile literature, often aiming to make history accessible and captivating for young readers. His approach to biography emphasized moral lessons and character building, which can be seen in his portrayal of Cleopatra. Abbott's lived experience, particularly his role as a mentor to young minds, likely shaped his desire to present historical figures not just as icons but as complex individuals navigating their tumultuous worlds. This book is highly recommended for readers interested in history, literature, and the intricate dynamics of power. Abbott's engaging narrative invites both young readers and adults to explore Cleopatra's life, encouraging a deeper understanding of her complexity and impact on history.

Gaius Julius Caesar was a Roman general and statesman who played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. It is the object of this series of histories to present a clear, distinct, and connected narrative of the lives of those great personages who have in various ages of the world made themselves celebrated as leaders among mankind, and, by the part they have taken in the public affairs of great nations, have exerted the widest influence on the history of the human race.

The History of Julius Caesar

Jacob Abbott's "Mary Queen of Scots" offers a compelling and nuanced portrayal of one of history's most enigmatic figures. Written in a clear and accessible style, Abbott navigates the tumultuous life of Mary Stuart, intertwining vivid narratives of political intrigue, personal strife, and the profound impact of her reign amid the turbulent backdrop of 16th-century Europe. This biographical work not only presents events chronologically but also reflects on the intricate relationships and societal expectations that shaped Mary's identity as both a ruler and a woman. Abbott's meticulous attention to historical details situates Mary within the broader context of the Reformation and the power struggles that defined the era. Jacob Abbott was a notable 19th-century American author and educator, passionate about making history approachable for younger audiences. His interest in historical figures and their complexities, perhaps influenced by the Romantic ideals of his time, informed his storytelling approach in this biography. Abbott's deep commitment to educational reform is evident, as he sought to enlighten and engage readers with the rich tapestry of history through compelling narratives. I highly recommend "Mary Queen of Scots" to anyone interested in the interplay of gender, power, and history. Abbott's engaging style and insightful analysis provide a captivating lens through which to understand not only Mary's life but also the era's intricate political landscape. This book serves as both an enjoyable read and a valuable educational resource, making it an essential addition to the library of anyone fascinated by monarchies and historical biographies.

Illustrated. A simply written history of that most famous of Emporers, Nero. Chapters include: Nero's Mother; The Assassination of Caligula; The Accession of Claudius; The Fate of Messalina; The Childhood of Nero; Nero an Emperor; Britannicus; The Fate of Agrippina; Extreme Depravity; Piso's Conspiracy; The Fate of the Conspirators; The Expedition into Greece; and, Nero's End.

The History of Nero

ALEXANDER the Great died when he was quite young. He was but thirty-two years of age when he ended his career, and as he was about twenty when he commenced it, it was only for a period of twelve years that he was actually engaged in performing the work of his life. Napoleon was nearly three times as long on the great field of human action. Notwithstanding the briefness of Alexander's career, he ran through, during that short period, a very brilliant series of exploits, which were so bold, so romantic, and which led him into such adventures in scenes of the greatest magnificence and splendor, that all the world looked on with astonishment then, and mankind have continued to read the story since, from age to age, with the greatest interest and attention. The secret of Alexander's success was his character. He possessed a certain combination of mental and per-sonal attractions, which in every age gives to those who exhibit it a mysterious and almost unbounded ascendency over all within their influence. Alexander was characterized by these qualities in a very remarkable degree. He was finely formed in person, and very prepossessing in his manners. He was active, athletic, and full of ardor and enthusiasm in all that he did.

Alexander the Great was one of the most successful military commanders in history, and was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks. In "Alexander the Great" Abbott recounts how Alexander ascended the Macedonian throne at the age of 20, overthrew his rival claimants, and then began preparations for the expedition against Persia. After defeating Darius, he proceeded to Egypt where he founded Alexandria, then turned back into Asia, where he subdued the most powerful nations, and in a span of eleven years conquered almost all of the known world. But, as his fortunes rose, his character deteriorated, and he died unexpectedly at the age of 33. First published in 1848, "Alexander the Great" is one of many biographies aimed at young people written by Jacob Abbott and his brother. The biographies are written in such a way that makes them appealing and easily accessible to everyone.

In "Rollo on the Atlantic," Jacob Abbott embarks on an engaging maritime adventure that combines educational elements with entertainment. Written in the early 19th century, Abbott employs a didactic narrative style, seamlessly weaving together themes of exploration and discovery with the whimsical experiences of his young protagonist, Rollo. The book's vivid descriptions of oceanic landscapes and the intricacies of sea travel serve not only to captivate young readers but also to instill a sense of wonder about the world beyond their familiar surroundings, reflecting the era's growing interest in exploration and scientific inquiry. Jacob Abbott, an influential American author, educator, and advocate for children's literature, was deeply committed to creating stories that were both instructive and enjoyable. His extensive background in teaching and his own experiences with travel likely fueled his desire to write "Rollo on the Atlantic," aiming to broaden the horizons of young readers through engaging narratives. Abbott's Rollo series showcases his pedagogical approach, combining moral lessons with an adventurous spirit, as he sought to make learning accessible and exciting for children. Readers seeking a delightful blend of adventure and education will find "Rollo on the Atlantic" a worthy addition to their literary collection. Abbott's ability to craft a narrative that balances fun with insightful lessons makes this book an excellent choice for parents and educators aiming to inspire curiosity and a love for reading in children. Through Rollo's journey, young readers will not only encounter the wonders of the Atlantic but also gain valuable insights into resilience, friendship, and the spirit of adventure.

Rollo on the Atlantic

In "Rollo on the Rhine," Jacob Abbott weaves a captivating narrative that follows the adventures of young Rollo as he travels along the storied banks of the Rhine River. Written in the mid-19th century, Abbott employs a didactic literary style, blending fictional storytelling with educational elements to enhance the reader's understanding of European geography, culture, and history. The text is richly adorned with descriptive passages that evoke both the beauty and the historical significance of the Rhine, making the journey not just a physical traversal, but an explorative adventure through time and place. Jacob Abbott, a prolific author of juvenile literature, aimed to instill knowledge and moral values in young readers. His background in education and passion for geography prompted him to create this book as part of a larger series featuring his beloved character, Rollo. Abbott'Äôs writings reflect the pedagogical approaches of his time, emphasizing the importance of engaging young minds through storytelling that entices both the imagination and intellect, ultimately preparing them for a world beyond their immediate experience. "Rollo on the Rhine" is a delightful read for parents and educators alike, offering valuable insights into both geographical and historical contexts within an accessible format. It is highly recommended for young readers and anyone interested in the intersection of adventure and education, as Abbott successfully immortalizes the charm of the Rhine through Rollo's eyes, inviting readers to embark on their own intellectual journeys.

Rollo on the Rhine

The story of Nero is also the story of much of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. The bloody legacies of the previous emperors Caligula and Claudius are introduced before delving into Nero's own reign of intrigue, murder, and atrocities. The women of the family, including Nero's mother Agrippina, his wife Poppaea, and the empress Messalina, contribute their share of villainy to the tale. The death of Nero provides a pathetic testimony to the cowardice that often underlies tyranny. "The History of Nero" is a thrilling biography written by American author Jacob Abbott in 1853 that offers a glimpse into the life of this spoiled prince who became a royal monster.

"The History of Charles the First of England" is a dramatic and sweeping account from master storyteller Jacob Abbott, detailing the trials, tribulations, errors, and ultimate tragedy of Charles I (1600–1649), who achieved fame by becoming the only monarch of Britain to be executed after his country was plunged into a devastating civil war. After detailing his early life’s adventures, including his unsuccessful attempt to marry a Spanish Habsburg princess, and his later marriage to the French Bourbon princess Henrietta Maria, Abbott provides the reader with a concise background to the origin of the English Civil War. This work adeptly pinpoints the causes of Charles’s ultimate downfall: the odious influence of George Villiers, first Duke of Buckingham; his marriage to a Roman Catholic, which alienated many Protestants; his failure to successfully support the Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War; his attempt to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices (which led to the Bishops' Wars); his quarrels with the Parliament of England over his royal prerogative, and the popular resentment against excessive taxes and his increasingly autocratic style of rule. A must-read for those interested in the history of Britain!

The History of Charles the First of England

ALTHOUGH Rouen is now very far before all the other cities of Normandy in point of magnitude and importance, and though Rollo, in his conquest of the country, made it his principal headquarters and his main stronghold, it did not continue exclusively the residence of the dukes of Normandy in after years. The father of William the Conqueror was Robert, who be-came subsequently the duke, the sixth in the line. He resided, at the time when William was born, in a great castle at Falaise. Falaise, as will be seen upon the map, is west of Rouen, and it stands, like Rouen, at some distance from the sea. The castle was built upon a hill, at a little distance from the town. It has long since ceased to be habitable, but the ruins still remain, giving a picturesque but mournful beauty to the eminence which they crown. They are often visited by tra-velers, who go to see the place where the great hero and conqueror was born. It was about 870 that Rollo was banished from Norway, and a few years after that, at most, that he landed in France. It was not, however, until 912 that he concluded his treaty of peace with Charles, so as to be fully invested with the title of Duke of Normandy. He was advanced in age at this time, and, after spending five years in settling the affairs of his realm, he resigned his dukedom into the hands of his son, that he might spend the remainder of his days in rest and peace. He died in 922, five years after his resignation. He was only ten years old when his father was assassinated. He became involved in long and arduous wars with the King of France, which compelled him to call in the aid of more Northmen from the Baltic. His new allies, in the end, gave him as much trouble as the old enemy, with whom they came to help William contend; and he found it very hard to get them away. He wanted, at length, to make peace with the French king, and to have them leave his dominions; but they said, "That was not what they came for." Richard had a beautiful daughter, named Emma, who afterward became a very important political personage, as will be seen more fully in a subsequent chapter. Richard died in 996, after reigning fifty-four years.

THE story of Cleopatra is a story of crime. It is a narrative of the course and the consequences of unlawful love. In her strange and romantic history we see this passion portrayed with the most complete and graphic fidelity in all its influences and effects; its uncontrollable impulses, its intoxicating joys, its reckless and mad career, and the dreadful remorse and ultimate despair and ruin in which it always and inevitably ends. Cleopatra was by birth an Egyptian; by ancestry and descent she was a Greek. Thus, while Alexandria and the delta of the Nile formed the scene of the most im-portant events and incidents of her history, it was the blood of Macedon which flowed in her veins. Her character and action are marked by the genius, the courage, the originality, and the impulsiveness pertaining to the stock from which she sprung. The events of her history, on the other hand, and the peculiar character of her adventures, her sufferings, and her sins, were determined by the circumstances with which she was surrounded, and the influences which were brought to bear upon her in the soft and voluptuous clime where the scenes of her early life were laid.. Egypt has always been considered as physically the most remarkable country on the globe. It is a long and narrow valley of verdure and fruitfulness, completely insulated from the rest of the habitable world. It is more completely insulated, in fact, than any literal island could be, inasmuch as deserts are more impassable than seas. The very existence of Egypt is a most extraordinary phenomenon. If we could but soar with the wings of an eagle into the air, and look down upon the scene, so as to observe the operation of that grand and yet simple process by which this long and wonderful valley, teeming so profusely with animal and vegetable life, has been formed, and is annually revivified and renewed, in the midst of surrounding wastes of silence, desolation, and death, we should gaze upon it with never-ceasing admiration and pleasure. We have not the wings of the eagle, but the generalizations of science furnish us with a sort of substitute for them. The long series of patient, careful, and sagacious observations, which have been continued now for two thousand years, bring us results, by means of which, through our powers of mental conception, we may take a comprehensive survey of the whole scene, analo-gous, in some respects, to that which direct and actual vision would afford us, if we could look down upon it from the eagle's point of view. It is, however, so-mewhat humiliating to our pride of intellect to reflect that long-continued philosophical investigations and learned scientific research are, in such a case as this, after all, in some sense, only a sort of substitute for wings. A human mind connected with a pair of eagle's wings would have solved the mystery of Egypt in a week; whereas science, philosophy, and research, confined to the surface of the ground, have been occupied for twenty centuries in accomplishing the undertaking.

In "Charles I," Jacob Abbott presents a meticulously crafted biographical account that delves into the life and reign of one of England's most renowned monarchs. Abbott employs a narrative style that harmonizes literary elegance with historical precision, often drawing from primary sources to evoke the complex political landscape of 17th-century England. Through vivid storytelling, he explores the myriad challenges faced by Charles I, including his contentious relationship with Parliament and the subsequent Civil War that would ultimately lead to his dramatic downfall. This work not only serves as a historical document but also captures the essence of royal authority and the shifting tides of power during tumultuous times. Jacob Abbott, an accomplished American author and educator, was deeply engaged with the themes of leadership and governance throughout his literary career. His background in both literature and history, alongside his commitment to making history accessible to young readers, resonates in "Charles I." Abbott'Äôs efforts to illuminate complex historical figures stem from his belief in shaping informed citizens through engaging narratives, making the past resonate with contemporary readers. "Charles I" is an essential read for those interested in English history, royal politics, or the intricate dynamics of power. Abbott's compelling prose and insightful analysis not only enhance our understanding of Charles I's reign but also provoke critical thinking about the nature of authority and rebellion. This book is a crucial addition to both academic libraries and personal collections for history enthusiasts.

Charles I

In "Margaret of Anjou," Jacob Abbott presents a compelling narrative that blends historical biographical sketch with vivid storytelling. Set against the backdrop of the tumultuous Wars of the Roses, this work offers an in-depth exploration of the life of Margaret of Anjou, the determined queen consort of Henry VI. Abbott'Äôs elegant prose and meticulous attention to historical detail reflect the literary traditions of his time, while his ability to weave emotional depth into the political intrigue invites readers to consider the complexities of power dynamics and gender roles in 15th-century England. Jacob Abbott, an influential 19th-century American author and educator, was known for his accessible historical narratives aimed at younger audiences. His fascination with the past, combined with a desire to educate through engaging storytelling, inspired him to explore significant yet often overlooked figures in history. Abbott'Äôs background in education and his passion for imparting moral lessons through literature illuminate his motivations in creating this rich portrait of a formidable historical figure. Readers seeking a blend of history and character-driven narrative will find "Margaret of Anjou" a thought-provoking addition to their libraries. Abbott'Äôs work not only sheds light on the resilience of a queen caught in the tides of war but also challenges modern perceptions of female agency in historical contexts. This book is a must-read for anyone interested in the intricate interplay of history, emotion, and power.

In "Richard I," Jacob Abbott presents a meticulously crafted narrative that chronicles the life of one of England's most storied monarchs. Abbott employs a clear and engaging literary style that blends historical accuracy with narrative flair, making the complexities of Richard's reign, including his Crusade efforts and conflicts with contemporaries, accessible to a wide audience. The book situates Richard I within the broader context of medieval history, reflecting Abbott's commitment to portraying historical figures with both depth and nuance, allowing readers to understand the political and cultural milieu of the time. Jacob Abbott, a prominent 19th-century author and historian, was known for his works aimed at young readers, yet his profound insights into character and leadership speak to a more general audience as well. Having developed a keen interest in history and literature throughout his education, Abbott sought to inspire a sense of moral and intellectual growth through his historical biographies. His ability to weave narrative and analysis is evident in this work, showcasing Richard I not merely as a king but as a complex individual shaped by his time. "Richard I" is a compelling read for anyone interested in medieval history, royal biography, or the intricate interplay of personal ambition within broader historical events. Abbott's accessible storytelling encourages readers of all ages to engage deeply with history, making it a valuable addition to any literary collection.

Richard I

In "Charles the First," Jacob Abbott crafts a compelling narrative that weaves together the tumultuous life and reign of King Charles I of England. Through a blend of biographical storytelling and historical analysis, Abbott employs an accessible yet erudite literary style that caters to both scholarly readers and the general public. The book situates Charles I within the larger context of the English Civil War, emphasizing the ideological struggles that defined his reign and ultimately led to his execution. Abbott juxtaposes the king's personal virtues and political missteps while examining the societal forces that contributed to the monarchy's downfall. Jacob Abbott, a prolific 19th-century American author, was known for his engaging biographies aimed at younger readers. His educational background and interest in history likely influenced his desire to provide an insightful account of significant historical figures like Charles I. Abbott'Äôs nuanced portrayal reflects his belief in the importance of understanding history as a means to inform contemporary society, a concept driven by the pervasive tensions of his own era, marked by rapid change and ideological conflicts. I highly recommend "Charles the First" for anyone interested in the complexities of monarchical rule and the origins of modern democracy. Abbott's work not only serves as a captivating biography but also prompts readers to reflect on the broader implications of leadership and governance, making it a valuable addition to the libraries of history enthusiasts and students alike.

HANNIBAL was a Carthaginian general. He acquired his great distinction as a warrior by his desperate contests with the Romans. Rome and Carthage grew up together on opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea. For about a hundred years they waged against each other most dreadful wars. There were three of these wars. Rome was successful in the end, and Carthage was entirely destroyed. There was no real cause for any disagreement between these two nations. Their hostility to each other was mere rivalry and spontaneous hate. They spoke a different language; they had a different origin; and they lived on opposite sides of the same sea. So they hated and devoured each other...

Hannibal (Serapis Classics)

ALEXANDER THE GREAT died when he was quite young. He was but thirty-two years of age when he ended his career, and as he was about twenty when he commenced it, it was only for a period of twelve years that he was actually engaged in performing the work of his life. Napoleon was nearly three times as long on the great field of human action. Notwithstanding the briefness of Alexander's career, he ran through, during that short period, a very brilliant series of exploits, which were so bold, so romantic, and which led him into such adventures in scenes of the greatest magnificence and splendor, that all the world looked on with astonishment then, and mankind have continued to read the story since, from age to age, with the greatest interest and attention. The secret of Alexander's success was his character. He possessed a certain combination of mental and personal attractions, which in every age gives to those who exhibit it a mysterious and almost unbounded ascendency over all within their influence. Alexander was characterized by these qualities in a very remarkable degree. He was finely formed in person, and very prepossessing in his manners. He was active, athletic, and full of ardor and enthusiasm in all that he did. At the same time, he was calm, collected, and considerate in emergencies requiring caution, and thoughtful and far-seeing in respect to the bearings and consequences of his acts. He formed strong attachments, was grateful for kindnesses shown to him, considerate in respect to the feelings of all who were connected with him in any way, faithful to his friends, and generous toward his foes...

Alexander the Great (Serapis Classics)

PYRRHUS, King of Epirus, entered at the very beginning of his life upon the extraordinary series of romantic adventures which so strikingly marked his career. He became an exile and a fugitive from his father's house when he was only two years old, having been suddenly borne away at that period by the attendants of the household, to avoid a most imminent personal danger that threatened him. The circumstances which gave occasion for this extraordinary ereption were as follows: The country of Epirus, as will be seen by the accompanying map, was situated on the eastern shore of the Adriatic Sea, and on the southwestern confines of Macedonia. The kingdom of Epirus was thus very near to, and in some respects dependent upon, the kingdom of Macedon. In fact, the public affairs of the two countries, through the personal relations and connections which subsisted from time to time between the royal families that reigned over them respectively, were often intimately intermingled, so that there could scarcely be any important war, or even any great civil dissension in Macedon, which did not sooner or later draw the king or the people of Epirus to take part in the dispute, either on one side or on the other. And as it sometimes happened that in these questions of Macedonian politics the king and the people of Epirus took opposite sides, the affairs of the great kingdom were often the means of bringing into the smaller one an infinite degree of trouble and confusion...

Pyrrhus (Serapis Classics)

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