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Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Albert Einstein in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and career of Albert Einstein. Einstein’s name has become synonymous with genius, and he remains one of the most influential scientists of all time. His work on relativity revolutionised our understanding of the universe and is one of the pillars of modern physics. He also carried out pioneering work on the photoelectric effect, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize, and campaigned for causes including nuclear non-proliferation and Jewish rights. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the history of physics before Einstein’s revolutionary new theories •	Find out about the impact of his celebrated theory of relativity on modern physics •	Gain an understanding of his other scientific accomplishments, including his work on light and particle theory ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

History

Albert Einstein

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the career of the Beatles in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life, times and music of the iconic British group the Beatles. The band shot to fame in the early 1960s with timeless singles including “Love Me Do” and “Please Please Me”, and the enthusiasm that they inspired was so great that the British press dubbed it “Beatlemania”. Several of their albums, such as Abbey Road and the pioneering concept album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band, are considered to be among the greatest rock albums ever produced, and their music has inspired generations of musicians. Although the group split up for good in 1970, leaving their millions of devoted fans devastated, their popularity shows no signs of fading, and they have sold an astonishing two billion albums to date. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the early days of the Beatles’ musical career in Liverpool and Hamburg •	Gain an insight into the Beatles’ phenomenally successful albums and the “Beatlemania” that they inspired •	Understand the group’s legacy and enduring influence on popular music ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Beatles

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the essential points of Darwin's theory of evolution in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of Darwin's theory of evolution. After setting sail aboard the Beagle to carry out a scientific expedition, Charles Darwin made some surprising discoveries: using the example of finches on the Galapagos Islands, he concluded that each of the 13 species he found must have evolved from one common ancestor and adapted to best suit their environment. This led to him developing his theory of evolution and identifying natural selection as the cause, both of which are explained in his world-famous On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.In just 50 minutes you will: • Understand the context in which Darwin published his theory and the source of the many controversies surrounding it • Learn more about Darwin's life and career and how it led him to his astounding discovery • Analyse the progression of Darwin's work, including his travels, discoveries and the final publication of his theory after 20 years of developmentABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Darwin's Theory of Evolution

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of 9/11 in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of 9/11. At 8.46am on the morning of September 11th 2001, the first hijacked plane hit the World Trade Center's North Tower. The hours that followed were filled with more attacks and desperate attempts to save the people trapped in towers as well as those injured at the Pentagon. Almost 3000 people died that day; the 9/11 attacks were the worst terror attacks on US soil in history and changed America forever. It triggered the war in Afghanistan and a ten-year manhunt for Osama bin Laden, but it has also been the subject of much controversy and many conspiracy theories.In just 50 minutes you will:   • Learn about the 9/11 attacks and how Osama bin Laden was finally caught ten years later   • Understand what actually happened on that horrific day and the effect it had on America and the rest of the world   • Analyse how the US responded to the attacks and whether their response was sufficient and appropriateABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

9/11

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Industrial Revolution in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 18th century, industrial production in Britain skyrocketed, resulting in profound economic and social changes. The technical developments responsible for this dizzying progress soon spread across Europe and the USA, changing the face of society in these countries. The Industrial Revolution shaped the modern world, and continues to have a major impact on our lives today.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about key figures in the Industrial Revolution, including James Watt and Thomas Edison• Find out about the main developments that took place in this period and their impact on industrial production• Analyse the economic and social consequences of the Industrial Revolution, including urban poverty and a rising birth rateABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Industrial Revolution

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Princess Diana in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. Following her marriage to Prince Charles in 1981, she became a member of the British royal family, and from that moment on her private life became subject to intense media scrutiny. In the following years, accusations of adultery placed her marriage under increasing strain, even as her popularity with the British people grew because of her numerous commitments to charities and humanitarian organisations. She and Charles divorced in 1996, and just one year later, Diana was killed in a car accident in Paris. She remains one of the most beloved figures in recent British history.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about Diana's relationship with Prince Charles and their eventual divorce• Discover her philanthropic and humanitarian activities, particularly in raising awareness about AIDS and the dangers of landmines• Find out about the circumstances of her tragic death in a car accident in 1997ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Princess Diana

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and career of Andrew Jackson in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life, times and career of Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States. Described by the French historian Alexis de Tocqueville as “a man of violent disposition and mediocre ability” who wholly lacked “the necessary qualities to govern a free nation”, Jackson nonetheless enjoyed great popular support and still graces the American $20 bill. How can this startling discrepancy be explained? This guide provides a balanced evaluation of Jackson’s presidency, considering both his successes, such as his role in strengthening democracy and political participation in the USA, and his failings, namely his decision to dismantle the country’s national bank and his complicity in the appalling mistreatment of Native Americans in the Southern states. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about Jackson’s early life and his decisive role in the War of 1812 between Britain and the USA •	Understand his political beliefs, his main actions as president and their impact on American politics •	Discover the numerous criticisms that have been levelled at him by modern historians ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Andrew Jackson

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and career of Coco Chanel in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the work of the iconic French fashion designer Coco Chanel. Chanel entered the fashion world at a time when most designers were men and womenswear was impractical and restrictive, but before long women across France were clamouring to get their hands on her comfortable yet elegant designs, which made use of looser cuts, removing the need for corsets, and new fabrics such as jersey. She also branched out into jewellery design, cosmetics and perfume, allowing her to fund her haute couture collections and paving the way for the business model of modern fashion brands. As an independent woman, innovative designer and brilliant entrepreneur, Coco Chanel changed the world of fashion forever.In just 50 minutes you will:• Find out about the young Gabrielle Chanel's tireless efforts to work her way out of the poverty she was born into• Discover her greatest successes as a designer and the head of her own fashion empire, including her many stores and the launch of her Chanel No. 5 perfume• Learn about her darker moments, namely her collaboration with the Nazis, and her return to fashion later in lifeABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Coco Chanel

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of the final months of World War I in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of final months of World War I. At the start of 1918, war had been raging in Europe for four long years, and both sides were exhausted by the conflict. The German military leadership, believing that the Allies were weaker than the Kaiser’s army, launched a series of major offensives. However, they underestimated their opponents, who were able to turn the tables and put an end to the deadliest conflict the world had ever seen. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the German army’s failed military operations in the final months of the war •	Analyse the events leading to Germany’s surrender, including the collapse of its allies and the Allied counter-offensive •	Understand the aftermath of the war, including the peace negotiations and the immense human and material cost ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

World War I: Part Three

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of World War I from 1915 to 1917 in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes provides a clear and engaging analysis of World War I from 1915 to 1917. The First World War was at the time the deadliest conflict in history, and involved all the world’s most powerful countries. Despite hopes on both sides of a quick victory, the conflict soon descended into a war of attrition, with heavy losses but little decisive progress. The years 1915-1917 saw a continued stalemate and an expansion of the war as new countries, including the USA, entered the conflict. In just 50 minutes you will: •Learn why the conflict spread to cover a greater area and what motivated new countries to join the fighting •Evaluate the military strategy of the Allies and the Central Powers at this stage in the war •Understand why Russia signed a separate peace with Germany and why the USA decided to enter the war in 1917 ABOUT 50MINUTES | History & Culture 50MINUTES will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

World War I: Part Two

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Berlin Wall in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the fall of the Berlin Wall.When the Berlin Wall was built unexpectedly in 1961, it divided the city for 28 years, separating families and friends for almost three decades. The Wall was a symbol of the divisions in Germany and Europe that followed the Second World War as well as a reminder of the stringent Communist regime. The fall of the wall was, therefore, cause for huge celebration: families were reunited, East Berliners were finally free of the strict communist regime and the biggest symbol of the East-West divide had collapsed. In just 50 minutes you will: • Understand why the Berlin Wall was built and what its purpose was • Learn about the events leading up the fall of the Berlin Wall and how a miscommunication caused it to fall a day early • Analyse the impact that the wall had on Berlin, Germany and the whole of Europe and why its collapse was so significant ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Fall of the Berlin Wall

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Joan of Arc in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of Joan of Arc. As the Hundred Years’ War raged on, and the possibility of the French reclaiming their territory from the English occupation seemed ever slimmer, one unlikely young woman would set out on a divine mission to restore the French monarchy and free the population from tyranny. However, Joan of Arc’s military skill and courage would not go unpunished, and she was brutally burned at the stake for witchcraft after being captured by the English. She is now revered as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about Joan of Arc’s early life and the divine inspiration that led her to seek out Charles VII, France’s legitimate heir, to help him regain his territory from the English •	Explore Joan’s military skills and leadership, particularly in rescuing the people of Orléans from the siege of their town •	Discover Joan’s gruesome execution in Rouen for witchcraft and heresy, and her subsequent exoneration only when it was too late ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Joan of Arc

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Islamic State in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the history of the Islamic State. The brutal terror attacks in Paris in 2015 sent shockwaves across Europe. The group which claimed responsibility for them, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, has been active since 2006 and seeks to impose its radical and distorted version of Islam across the Middle East. The international coalition established to combat the organisation has made some significant advances, but the fight against fundamentalism is still far from over. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Understand the history of the Islamic State and the events leading up to its foundation, including colonial rule and the regime of Saddam Hussein •	Learn about the key figures in the organisation, including current leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi •	Evaluate the successes and failures of the coalition fighting against the Islamic State ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Islamic State

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Protestant Reformation in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Protestant Reformation, which began in 1517 with the publication of Martin Luther’s 95 Theses. The rest of the 16th century was defined by the resulting religious schism, which pitted the Catholic Church against an ever-growing movement that demanded far-reaching reforms in almost every area of religious life. Several heads of state converted to Protestantism, bolstering the movement, including Henry VIII, who founded the Anglican Church in 1534. However, the Reformation was also beset by internal dissent, and it quickly splintered into a number of different factions, most notably with the rise of Calvinism in Geneva. Even so, its greatest rival remained the Catholic Church, and the next two centuries were characterised by a series of religious conflicts, wars and massacres which lasted until the emergence of tolerance and secularism during the Age of Enlightenment. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Discover the Catholic practices that the Reformation sought to abolish •	Learn about the differing beliefs of the most prominent leaders of the Reformation •	Understand the conflicts that broke out across Europe in the wake of this religious upheaval ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Protestant Reformation

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and career of Franklin D. Roosevelt in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and political career of Franklin D. Roosevelt, the 32nd president of the United States. When Roosevelt was first elected in 1932, the USA was in the midst of the Great Depression, a major economic crisis. Thanks to a series of progressive, interventionist measures known collectively as the New Deal, the new president was able to set the economy on the path to recovery and drastically reduce unemployment. He also steered his country through the Second World War and played a crucial role in the establishment of the postwar world order, notably through his contribution to the creation of the United Nations. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Find out about Roosevelt’s political career, from his days as governor of the state of New York to his four terms as president •	Understand the main programmes of the New Deal and their impact on the American economy •	Learn about Roosevelt’s leadership during the Second World War and find out how he contributed to the peace process ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the story of the Mayflower in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the voyage of the Mayflower. In 1620, a group of Puritans now known as the Pilgrim Fathers set sail for America to escape the religious persecution they faced in England. Despite delays, tempests, food shortages, disease and discord, they managed to establish the colony of Plymouth. This settlement’s success was due in no small part to the alliance the colonists made with the local Wampanoag tribe, and the harmony they initially lived in has been immortalised in the American tradition of Thanksgiving. Other colonists followed their example and flocked to America in droves, but this led to widespread conflict with the Native American population, and the true scale of the devastation they wrought has only been recognised in recent years. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Find out about the religious persecution that motivated the Pilgrims’ journey across the Atlantic •	Learn about the early days of the colony they founded in New England •	Understand the conflicts that arose between the colonists and the Native Americans in the following years ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Mayflower

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and career of Marie Curie in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and work of Marie Curie, whose pioneering work on radioactivity revolutionised our understanding of the nature of matter and paved the way for innovative new treatments of cancer and various other illnesses. With Nobel Prizes in physics (1903) and chemistry (1911), Curie overcame both sexism in the overwhelmingly male scientific world and xenophobia after moving to France from her native Poland to carve out a place for herself at the forefront of scientific research. Her tenacity, intellectual brilliance and determination to use her discoveries to develop new medical treatments through the Radium Institute make her a role model for individuals of all nationalities, genders and walks of life. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about Curie’s groundbreaking work on radioactivity and its applications •	Gain an understanding of the historical, social and scientific context in which she was working •	Discover her incredible legacy as both a pioneering scientist and a woman in a male-dominated field ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Marie Curie

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of the Vietnam War in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Vietnam War, a brutal conflict that spanned two decades and resulted in catastrophic human and material losses. After the end of the First Indochina War in 1954, Vietnam was partitioned into two ideologically opposed states, namely the Communist North Vietnam under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh and the nationalist South Vietnam, which soon allied itself with the USA. This resulted in a lengthy conflict characterised by the use of guerrilla warfare which made a quick victory impossible, the intervention, whether covert or overt, of various foreign powers, and the widespread use of chemical weapons, the effects of which are still felt in Vietnam today. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Find out about the background to the Vietnam War, including the First Indochina War and the Geneva Accords •	Learn about the key events of the conflict, including the Tet Offensive in 1968 •	Understand the human and material costs of the war for American and Vietnamese soldiers and civilians ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Vietnam War

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the United Nations in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the history and principal achievements of the United Nations. The UN was founded in 1945 in the aftermath of the bloodiest war the world had ever seen, with its founding members aiming to maintain international peace and security and prevent destruction on such a vast scale from taking place again. Nowadays, the organisation consists of 193 members, meaning that almost every country in the world is represented, and its work spans a number of fields, including peacekeeping, the defence of human rights and sustainable development.In just 50 minutes you will:• Gain an understanding of the structure, aims and functioning of the United Nations• Learn about its main areas of activity and key related bodies• Understand the criticisms that have been levelled at the UN and the challenges facing it in the futureABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The United Nations

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the European Union in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the development of the European Union. In the turmoil that prevailed after the Second World War, there was a strong desire in Europe to work towards peace and economic recovery, and the continent’s political elites believed that the best way to do this was by working together. However, the closer international cooperation that followed gave rise to fears that countries would lose their national sovereignty, as can be seen in the shock Brexit vote of 2016 and the rise of Eurosceptic parties across the continent. An appreciation of how the EU came to exist in its current form is vital for understanding its achievements to date, the criticisms that have been levelled at it and what the future holds. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Understand the circumstances that led to a desire for closer European cooperation •	Learn about the steps that resulted in the development of the EU in its current form •	Find out how the EU actually works and what challenges it is currently facing ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Construction of the European Union

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and legacy of Tutankhamun in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and legacy of Tutankhamun, Egypt’s boy pharaoh. In spite of a brief reign that was cut short when the young sovereign died at the age of just 20, Tutankhamun is now one of the most famous pharaohs of all time and has captivated the popular imagination. His enduring impact stems from the discovery of his tomb and the opulent treasure within by the Egyptologist Howard Carter in 1922, as well as from the mysterious curse that allegedly resulted in the untimely deaths of several members of the expedition. Modern scientific techniques have allowed researchers to piece together information about his life and death, giving us a better understanding than ever before of this ancient Egyptian sovereign. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about Tutankhamun’s main actions during his brief reign and their impact •	Find out about the discovery of his tomb in 1922 and the information it has given us about ancient Egypt •	Understand the mysterious deaths linked to Tutankhamun’s tomb and the science behind them ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Tutankhamun

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Princess Diana in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life of Diana, Princess of Wales. Following her marriage to Prince Charles in 1981, she became a member of the British royal family, and from that moment on her private life became subject to intense media scrutiny. In the following years, accusations of adultery placed her marriage under increasing strain, even as her popularity with the British people grew because of her numerous commitments to charities and humanitarian organisations. She and Charles divorced in 1996, and just one year later, Diana was killed in a car accident in Paris. She remains one of the most beloved figures in recent British history. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about Diana’s relationship with Prince Charles and their eventual divorce •	Discover her philanthropic and humanitarian activities, particularly in raising awareness about AIDS and the dangers of landmines •	Find out about the circumstances of her tragic death in a car accident in 1997 ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and political activism of Martin Luther King, Jr. In the mid-20th century, black Americans continued to experience widespread segregation and discrimination. This gave rise to a dynamic Civil Rights Movement which demanded equal treatment for all Americans. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a key figure in this movement, and the lasting impact of his powerful speeches and peaceful methods means that he remains one of the most widely known and admired political activists in the world.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about the various discriminatory measures affecting African-Americans from the Civil War onwards• Discover the role of Martin Luther King, Jr. and his doctrine of non-violence in the Civil Rights Movement• Understand the impact of King's actions and his continuing legacy in America and beyondABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Martin Luther King

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Georges Lemaître in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the work of Georges Lemaître. An unlikely combination of a priest and a physicist who was responsible for the theories of the expansion of the universe and the primeval atom, which today we accept and know collectively as the Big Bang theory, Lemaître was not widely credited or recognised for his theories when he first developed them. It was not until the accidental discovery of cosmic radiation many years later that the scientific community finally came to accept this man and his ideas.In just 50 minutes you will:• Understand Georges Lemaître's theories of the expansion of the universe and of the primeval atom, now known as the Big Bang theory• Find out about his life and determination to reconcile his Catholic faith with his interest in physics• Learn about the accidental discoveries that eventually led to the confirmation of his theoriesABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Georges Lemaître

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events surrounding the bombing of Hiroshima in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the bombing of Hiroshima. In August 1945, the Second World War was over in Europe, but in the East the Japanese army refused to surrender. Fearing a bloody battle if they invaded Japan, the US military and political leaders decided to use their recently developed nuclear weapons to force Japan's hand. These bombs proved more devastating than anyone could have imagined, and their use played a significant part in the development of the Cold War.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about the battles fought as part of the Pacific Campaign from 1941 to 1945• Analyse the events leading up to the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the factors that motivated this decision• Understand the devastating effects of these bombings and their human and material consequencesABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Hiroshima

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Nelson Mandela in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of Nelson Mandela’s lifelong fight against apartheid. This system of racial segregation was enshrined in law in South Africa in 1948 and relegated non-white individuals to the position of second-class citizens. As part of the African National Congress, Mandela fought against this racist system and was eventually imprisoned for his beliefs. After his release in 1991, he played a major role in South Africa’s transition to democracy and in the reconciliation process between the country’s different racial communities. He went on to become the country’s first black president, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to the end of apartheid. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the work of the African National Congress, including its armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe •	Find out about Mandela’s role in the fight against apartheid and his influence on activists around the world •	Understand the progress South Africa has made since the abolition of apartheid in 1991 and the challenges it is still facing ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Nelson Mandela

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the operations of the Ku Klux Klan in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Ku Klux Klan’s activity over the past 150 years. This notorious organisation was founded in 1865 in the wake of the American Civil War, but although its stated aim was to protect the war-torn Southern states, it soon became a vehicle for brutal violence committed against the country’s black population and was disbanded as a result. However, it was revived by William J. Simmons in the early 20th century, and the second incarnation of the organisation proved more popular, more prejudiced and more bloodthirsty than ever before. Although its power waned in the following decades, and only isolated, depleted local cells can still be found today, the KKK remains a byword for prejudice, extremism and white supremacy worldwide. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the circumstances that led to the KKK being founded in the wake of the American Civil War •	Find out about the various attempts to revive the organisation since it was first disbanded •	Understand the roles played by several key members of the KKK throughout the organisation’s history ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Ku Klux Klan

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Saint Thomas Aquinas in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life, work and ideas of the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas. Unlike many of his influential predecessors, Aquinas believed that reason and faith are not separate and incompatible, but rather are two ways of attaining knowledge of God. He was a prolific commentator on the Bible and the writings of Aristotle, and some of his works, including in particular his masterpiece the Summa theologiae, continue to form the basis of Catholic doctrine over 700 years after his death. In many ways, Aquinas was far ahead of his time: his views on personal and political morality emphasised the importance of individual freedom, and even paved the way for later democratic and secular ideas. He was canonised in 1323 and made a Doctor of the Church in 1567.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about the intellectual context in which Aquinas was working and the earlier philosophers who influenced his writings• Discover Aquinas's main works, including the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles, and the key ideas of Thomist thought• Understand the continuing influence of Aquinas's work within the Catholic ChurchABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Saint Thomas Aquinas

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Saddam Hussein in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the rise and fall of Saddam Hussein. Following a series of bloody coups, Saddam Hussein came to power in Iraq in 1979 and quickly established an authoritarian dictatorship that endured for over twenty years. His leadership was characterised by a series of wars, including his invasion of Kuwait in 1990, which culminated in a brutal defeat at the hands of a US-led coalition and hefty UN sanctions being imposed on Iraq. Saddam Hussein was removed from power in 2003, but Iraq had been left heavily weakened by years of poverty and repression, and soon found itself facing a new enemy in the form of Daesh. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the historical events that paved the way for Saddam Hussein’s rise to power •	Understand the various conflicts that arose in the Middle East during the dictatorship, including the Iran-Iraq War and the Gulf War •	Discover how the situation in Iraq has developed since Saddam Hussein was deposed ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Saddam Hussein

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life and career of Josip Broz Tito in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life of Josip Broz Tito, Marshal of Yugoslavia, who exercised a decisive influence on the country’s history from the end of the Second World War in 1945 to his death in 1980. In particular, he defied Stalin’s leadership of the international Communist movement, opened up his country to Western influences and played a key role in the foundation and early days of the Non-Aligned Movement. The years following his death saw widespread political turmoil and a series of bloody internecine wars, and the country he had helmed for decades officially ceased to exist in 1992. In just 50 minutes you will: • Find out about the events leading up to the foundation of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia • Understand Tito’s role in the Second World War and the Cold War, including the establishment of the Non-Aligned Movement •	Learn about the key events in the history of Yugoslavia and the nation’s eventual dissolution ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Tito

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Treaty of Versailles in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Treaty of Versailles. The First World War had left Europe in a state of almost total devastation. Eager to seek revenge, the Allied powers came together to draft the Treaty of Versailles, which would see Germany pay reparations to the victors and the borders of former Empires redrawn. It was, however, a flawed agreement, and its economic and political consequences would be disastrous. In just 50 minutes you will: • Contextualise the Treaty of Versailles and the events leading up to the end of the First World War • Understand how the Allied powers often acted purely in their own economic and political interests • Recognise the consequences of the treaty's enforcement, including its economic ramifications and the rise of nationalism across Europe ABOUT 50MINUTES|History & Culture 50MINUTES will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Treaty of Versailles

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the events of the beginning of World War I in next to no time with this concise guide. 50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the outbreak and early stages of World War I. In the summer of 1914, Europe’s main powers embarked on a bloody war which would last for four years and claim millions of lives. Tensions had been running high for some time previously, and a complex combination of alliances and territorial aspirations caused fighting to spread across the continent. The First World War was at the time the largest conflict in history, and its repercussions were felt long after it ended. In just 50 minutes you will: •	Learn about the political situation in Europe in the early 20th century and the long-term causes of the First World War •	Understand the series of events that preceded the war and how they contributed to the outbreak of hostilities •	Analyse the major shortcomings of the military strategies of the countries at war ABOUT 50MINUTES.COM | History & Culture 50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

World War I: Part One

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of the Chernobyl disaster in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the Chernobyl disaster. When a reactor exploded at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in April 1986, nobody could have known just how devastating the effects would be. Thousands of people died as a result of the catastrophe and even today the surrounding areas are considered uninhabitable. But what makes Chernobyl even more shocking is the mystery that clouds it. The government's attempts to cover up the accident and the unknown long term-effects of radiation mean that the story of Chernobyl is far from finished.In just 50 minutes you will: • Learn what happened at the Chernobyl nuclear plant and why the reactor exploded • Understand why the disaster had such catastrophic effects in Ukraine and the surrounding areas • Analyse the actions of the employees and the government and learn how they tried to hide the truth about the accidentABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

The Chernobyl Disaster

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Margaret Thatcher in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of Margaret Thatcher. In the 1970s, the United Kingdom was struggling economically in comparison with its stronger European counterparts. Thatcher, the country's first female Prime Minister, recognised the need for drastic economic reform, despite its potential to cause social upheaval. Known for her inflexible and unemotional stance in the face of strikes, the deaths of IRA prisoners, a violent war in the Falklands and even a narrow escape from a bomb in her bedroom, Thatcher remains a divisive figure in politics.In just 50 minutes you will: • Learn about the background of the United Kingdom's famous first female Prime Minister, the Iron Lady • Gain a deeper understanding of Thatcherism, the collective name for Thatcher's economic and social reform policies • Discover the measures taken by Thatcher during her time in power in both domestic and foreign policyABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Margaret Thatcher

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the history of apartheid in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of apartheid in South Africa. For over 40 years, South Africa maintained a white supremacist regime which denied black citizens the same rights and opportunities as their white counterparts. The regime, which was established and maintained by a series of laws codifying racial segregation, attracted international condemnation and determined opposition from activists, including Nelson Mandela. Apartheid was finally dismantled in 1991, but had lasting effects on South African politics and society.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about the laws implemented during apartheid to enforce racial segregation• Identify the most influential figures and central events of the apartheid period• Analyse the immediate impact and long-term consequences of apartheid, both in South Africa and abroadABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

Apartheid

Keen to learn but short on time? Get to grips with the life of Henry Ford in next to no time with this concise guide.50Minutes.com provides a clear and engaging analysis of the life and career of Henry Ford. Prior to the early 20th century, a car was a luxury that only a privileged few could afford, but this all changed thanks to Ford. His moving assembly line drastically reduced the cost of vehicles such as the Ford Model T, and he raised wages so that workers could buy the cars they built. His innovations changed the face of industry, and paved the way for mass production and consumption.In just 50 minutes you will:• Learn about Ford's early life and career before founding the Ford Motor Company• Understand the success of his production line and the Ford Model T• Discover the impact of his innovations on American industry and societyABOUT 50MINUTES.COM|History & Culture50MINUTES.COM will enable you to quickly understand the main events, people, conflicts and discoveries from world history that have shaped the world we live in today. Our publications present the key information on a wide variety of topics in a quick and accessible way that is guaranteed to save you time on your journey of discovery.

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